Asia-Pacific Journal of Science and Technology

Correction to Adsorption of PM2.5 emissions from laser printer by paper waste aerogel

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Correction

Article title: Adsorption of PM2.5 emissions from laser printer by paper waste aerogel

Authors: Nanthana Chanthorn, Thanathorn Petchrat, Titiwud Pongtanapaisan, Sirikarn Thongmai and Thanakrit Neamhom

Journal: Asia-Pacific Journal of Science and Technology

Bibliometrics: 2023;28(02): APST-28-02-15

DOI: https://doi.org/10.14456/apst.2023.31

URL:https://so01.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/APST/article/view/266881

Content of Correction:

In the published article, the ethical approval statement originally read: “This study protocol followed the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and the Ethics Committee for Research Involving Human Subjects (COA. No. 185/2563).” The correct are This study protocol followed the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and the Ethics Committee for Research Involving Human Subjects (Protocol No. 185/2563). This error has been corrected and does not alter the content, interpretation, or conclusions of the study.

Development of High-Stability Avocado Oil Powder via Spray Drying and Wall Material Engineering

Mon, 07 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Virgin avocado oil, a bioactive compound rich in monounsaturated fatty acids and antioxidants, is highly susceptible to oxidative degradation, which limits its industrial applications. This study investigated the microencapsulation of virgin avocado oil via spray drying to enhance its stability. We formulated oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions using a ternary blend of maltodextrin (MD), gum Arabic (GA), and guar gum (GG) as the wall material. The influence of the wall material composition on the physicochemical properties of the resulting avocado oil powder was evaluated. Emulsions were homogenized and then spray-dried at an inlet temperature of 150°C. An optimized wall material ratio of 59% MD, 40% GA, and 1% GG yielded a high production yield (78.72%) and an encapsulation efficiency of 51.25%. The microcapsules exhibited a low water activity (0.153) and moisture content (2.83%), which are critical for powder stability. The powder also demonstrated good solubility (68.37%) and wettability (4.71 s). Morphological analysis revealed semi-spherical microcapsules with the characteristic surface indentations of spray-dried powders. These findings demonstrate that a balanced blend of MD, GA, and GG can effectively encapsulate avocado oil, producing a stable powder with potential for use as a functional ingredient in the food industry. Future work should focus on validating the long-term oxidative stability of the powder.

Comparative study of Microwave Absorption in Trilayered Hybrid Nanocomposites containing MWCNTs with different aspect ratios

Siva Nagasree Puppala, Indira Vishnu Vandana Kodey, Himagireesh Chigurupalli — Mon, 07 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Research in materials science and telecommunications has intensified owing to the increasing demand for lightweight, broadband, and high-performance electromagnetic (EM) absorbers. The efficiency of these absorbers depends significantly on the microstructural features of lossy filler materials. This study examined the influence of the aspect ratio of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) on the absorption characteristics of trilayered microwave absorbers. Composites comprising E-glass, epoxy, MWCNTs, and nickel zinc ferrite (NZF) were fabricated using MWCNTs with two different aspect ratios of 115 (low) and 315 (high). Experimental measurements and analytical calculations using transmission line theory were used to evaluate the dielectric and magnetic losses and microwave absorption of the prepared composites. The MWCNTs with a lower aspect ratio in the absorber exhibited a bandwidth of 1.8 GHz with a -10 dB reflection loss (RL) at a thickness of 3 mm. For the same thickness, high-aspect-ratio composites achieved an RL of –10 dB across a 3.6 GHz bandwidth. This denotes a significant enhancement in microwave absorption compared with composites with lower aspect ratios in the X-band (8.2–12.4 GHz). These results demonstrate that the use of high-aspect-ratio MWCNTs improves wave interaction, offering an effective method for designing lightweight, broadband absorbers that are ideal for applications in defense, aerospace, and advanced electronic systems.

Ultrasound-assisted ethanol extraction of mountainous Millettia dielsiana from Vietnam: Effects on flavonoid yield and anti-inflammatory potential

Nguyen T. Minh-Tu, Hoang T. Le-Hang — Mon, 07 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0700

This study evaluated the effects of temperature, ultrasound intensity, and extraction time on flavonoid yield and nitric oxide (NO) inhibitory activity of the extract from Millettia dielsiana (a rare mountainous medicinal plant of Vietnam) using 70% ethanol. Extractions were performed at 60-70 °C for a total duration of 60 min and 75 min, with and without ultrasound assistance at 30 W/cm² for 10-15 min. Flavonoid content was quantified, and NO production inhibition was assessed by determining IC₅₀ values. At 70°C without ultrasound, flavonoid yield was 68.5% with an IC₅₀ of 205.48 µg/mL. Application of ultrasound (30 W/cm²) for 10 or 15 min at the same temperature significantly increased yields to 74.9-75.1% and improved NO inhibition (IC₅₀: 176.15-169.28 µg/mL). At 60 °C with ultrasound for 15 min, the yield remained high (74.0%) with the strongest NO inhibition observed (IC₅₀: 150.89 µg/mL). Results indicate that moderate temperature combined with short ultrasound pre-treatment enhances both flavonoid extraction efficiency and bioactivity. These findings support the potential of ultrasound-assisted extraction as a green and effective method for producing bioactive flavonoid-rich extracts from Millettia dielsiana with implications for functional food and nutraceutical applications.

Sodium hypochlorite effectively revives slightly contaminated stage II and IV tissue-cultured ‘Cavendish’ banana

Mon, 07 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Contamination in plant tissue culture reduces explant survival and leads to significant losses in propagation efficiency. This study identified the dominant microbial contaminant in tissue-cultured ‘Cavendish’ banana and evaluated the effectiveness of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) in rescuing slightly contaminated cultures during multiplication (Stage II) and acclimatization (Stage IV). Fungal contaminants were isolated, purified, and identified, with Chrysosporium sp. emerging as the predominant species (53.85%), followed by Aspergillus sp. and Rhizopus sp. Slightly contaminated explants were treated with NaOCl at 0.60%, 0.80%, 1.00%, and 1.20% (v/v). NaOCl treatments improved explant survival and allowed recovery within three days. At Stage II, all tested concentrations enhanced callus formation and survivability, while at Stage IV, 1.0–1.2% (v/v) NaOCl resulted in better plant growth, including higher meristem height, increased leaf production, and improved rooting. Among the treatments, 1.0% (v/v) NaOCl was identified as the most consistent balance between contamination control and explant viability. Unlike most studies that focus on preventive sterilization at the initial stage (Stage I), this study demonstrates the potential of NaOCl as a curative approach for managing contamination at later stages of micropropagation. This offers a practical strategy to reduce losses and improve efficiency in commercial banana tissue culture systems.

Optimization and sensory evaluation of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) - chili pepper (Capsicum annum) hot sauce formulation for commercialization potential

Mon, 07 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Sweet potato is considered an alternative staple crop, and its use is typically limited to traditional applications. The study aims to use sweet potato, especially the non-marketable variety, as the primary base ingredient for developing a hot sauce. Several studies have examined sauces that use tomato, banana, and oil in other Asian and Western foods, and no records of hot sauces were identified; hence, this study. A product development experimental study in a three-level, three-factor mixture design, following the set plan 11.6 of Cochran and Cox (1957) for sensory evaluation, was used to optimize the formulation of hot sauce products. The sweet potato-chili sauce has a rust-brown to red-orange color and a well-blended flavor of sweetness, sourness, and spiciness. The optimum formulation was attained at 52% w/w sweet potato, 37% v/w vinegar, and 11% w/w chili, with a predicted acceptability rating of 7, which was moderate on the 9-point hedonic scale. Seventy-two percent (72%) of the respondents, composed of 45% of females and 27% of males, preferred the formulated sweet potato-chili sauce compared to the commercially available sriracha. This implies a good probability of market survival in terms of consumer acceptability.

In vitro α-glucosidase inhibitory, antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of Cnidoscolus aconitifolius leaf fractions from Thailand

Mon, 07 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Cnidoscolus aconitifolius is a widely consumed vegetable that has potential bioactive compounds to attenuate several complex diseases, including cancer and diabetes. This study aimed to evaluate bioactivity of different polarity C. aconitifolius fractions, including antioxidant, α-glucosidase inhibition, and cytotoxicity on colorectal cancer cell lines. C. aconitifolius leaves were macerated with methanol and then partitioned with n-hexane and ethyl acetate, respectively, to obtain three different polarity fractions; n-hexane (HF), ethyl acetate (EF), and methanol (MF) fractions, which were low, medium, and high polarity fractions, respectively. The fractions were examined for antioxidant activities , antidiabetic activity, colorectal cancer cytotoxicity activities against HCT116 and SW620 cell lines ], and phytochemicals. The antioxidant evaluation using the DPPH reagent indicated that the EF had the greatest scavenging ability, while the MF had the highest result against the ABTS reagent. The α- glucosidase inhibition assay using maltose substrate revealed EF had the strongest inhibitory activity, and MF had the best result with sucrose substrate. The HF inhibited HCT116 cell line development the most, whereas the EF effectively reduced SW620 cell line growth. Meanwhile, the MF had no effect against both cell lines. HF, EF and MF were analyzed for the compounds’ content and found varied compounds, which should be further purified for bioactive compounds. Different polarity fractions of C. aconitifolius leaf showed distinct bioactivities. The characteristic of therapeutic drug discovery for cancer and diabetes diseases can be concerned with the selectable polarity of solvents.

Developing the National Waste Management Information System Using Big Data Technology and Prototyping Methods

Mon, 07 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0700

This research proposed developing a waste management information system in Indonesia to overcome the limitations of the existing national system. The data was incomplete, lacking information on waste composition and sources. The researchers suggested utilizing big data technology and prototyping methods to address this. The system incorporates an application programming interface (API) called Restful API, enabling data exchange between the waste management information systems and users. Restful API allowed users to access specific waste management information based on their needs. The system focused on waste generation, waste composition, and sources of waste generation, aiming to provide complete and accurate data for a comprehensive understanding of waste management issues. The developed waste management information system was a valuable tool and reference for researchers and practitioners. Providing data and well-documented information enhanced the understanding of research results. The system's contribution to more effective and sustainable waste management practices was emphasized. This research aimed to complement and update the existing public information data on waste management in Indonesia. The proposed waste management information system filled the data gaps and meets user needs by providing comprehensive and up-to-date information. It had the potential to significantly improve waste management practices and promote a more sustainable approach to waste management in the country.

Quantifying Impact of Rainfall on Road Traffic: A Case Study of Highway 4024 in Phuket

Tue, 08 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Phuket frequently experiences road flooding due to heavy rainfall and inadequate drainage systems. Preceding studies show that urban rainfall and flooding can disrupt traffic flow. This study aims to quantify the impact of rainfall on the traffic performance of Highway 4024 in Vichit Subdistrict, Phuket, Thailand. This research evaluates how weather conditions influence traffic volume, average speed, and traffic operating conditions, as reflected by the level of service (LOS). Traffic data were manually collected at 15-minute intervals on 17^th June 2025 for the rainy day and 24^th June 2025 for the dry day. Data collection was carried out during the late afternoon hours. The Passenger Car Unit (PCU) was used to standardize mixed traffic flow, and LOS analysis was applied to evaluate road performance. The results revealed that the average traffic speed decreased from 15.39 km/h under dry conditions to 13.91 km/h under rainy conditions, representing a 9.64% decrease. The average traffic volume was slightly higher during the rainy survey, at 1,572.95 PCU/h compared with 1,356.65 PCU/h under dry conditions, although this difference should be interpreted with caution because the observation windows were not identical. LOS analysis indicated that all observed traffic states fell under LOS F in both weather conditions, showing that Highway 4024 was operating under highly congested conditions and traffic efficiency was further reduced during the rainy survey. These findings suggest that rainfall can impair urban traffic performance and should be considered in transport planning and traffic management for climate-sensitive urban areas.

Strain Selection and Characterization of Komagataeibacter hansenii for Bacterial Nanocellulose Production from Fruit Waste

Tue, 08 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) is a microorganism-derived homopolymer with a simpler, less harsh production route than its typical plant-based counterpart, offering unique properties valuable to high-end industries. This study aims to isolate and characterize bacteria that produce BNC from fermented rotten fruit waste, highlighting fermented starfruit as a selective and underexplored source for isolation. Among 80 isolates obtained using the fermented fruit juice method, strain RM-03 produced the highest cellulose concentration (0.092 g/100 mL) and was identified as Komagataeibacter hansenii (99.0% similarity). Using HS medium, it produced 0.277 ± 0.007 g/100 mL BNC at Day 16, a production within the range reported for some Komagataeibacter strains cultivated under comparable static, unoptimized conditions. Microscopy characterization revealed a dense network of nanofibers with an average fibril width of 35 nm. Spectroscopic and diffraction analyses confirmed cellulose type I with 78.24% crystallinity. The BNC exhibited excellent water-holding capacity (366.24%) and retained this moisture for up to 65 hours. These findings demonstrate that fermented rotten starfruit is a promising source for isolating functional BNC producers and that K. hansenii RM-03 shows strong potential for further bioprocess development and industrial applications.

Novel Azo Sulfonamide Derivatives of 5-Sulfosalicylic Acid: Synthesis, Biological Evaluation, and Computational Profiling

Tue, 08 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0700

The escalating crisis of multi-drug-resistant pathogens necessitates the development of novel therapeutic scaffolds with enhanced membrane permeability and multi-target inhibitory potential. This study describes the design, synthesis, and mechanistic evaluation of five novel azo-sulfonamide hybrids (4a–e) derived from a 5-sulfosalicylic acid scaffold. Structural integrity was elucidated via comprehensive spectroscopic techniques. Biological efficacy was evaluated against a diverse panel of clinical pathogens, including Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans, using standardized Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute protocols for minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum microbicidal concentration determination alongside B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) DFT modeling and molecular docking. Molecular hybridization significantly enhanced biocidal potency, with lead compound 4d, incorporating a 4,6-dimethylpyrimidinyl moiety, exhibiting robust broad-spectrum activity (e.g., a zone of inhibition of 44 mm against Bacillus cereus), showing strong correlation with high electronic softness and a high binding affinity (ΔG = -9.7 kcal/mol) against lanosterol 14-α-demethylase. Density functional theory profiling revealed a direct correlation between high electronic softness and superior antimicrobial performance. Molecular docking validated these results, identifying 4d as a high-affinity inhibitor of Candida albicans lanosterol 14-α-demethylase through strategic pi–pi stacking and electrostatic salt bridges. These findings suggest that compound 4d represents a promising lead with favorable predicted pharmacokinetic and safety profiles, offering a potential platform for next-generation antimicrobial drug discovery.

Preliminary Study of Bacterial Communities Associated with Native Blowflies in a Primary Malaysian Tropical Rainforest

Tue, 08 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Blowflies (Diptera: Calliphoridae) fill key ecological niches in carrion decomposition and are widely utilised as indicators in forensic investigations; however, their associations with bacterial communities remain poorly documented in tropical rainforest ecosystems. This preliminary study investigated blowfly diversity and surface-associated bacterial communities in Kuala Keniam, Pahang National Park, Malaysia. Modified minnow traps baited with fish were deployed along a forest transect over six days, yielding 2,276 adult blowflies representing eight calliphorid taxa, predominantly Chrysomya species. Bacterial communities associated with fresh and advanced-decay bait, as well as with adult Chrysomya nigripes and Chrysomya villeneuvi, were characterised using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Distinct microbial succession patterns were observed across decomposition stages. Shewanella algae were prevalent in fresh bait and anaerobic taxa, such as Bacteroides coprosuis, becoming more abundant as decay advanced. Blowfly-associated bacterial communities differed from those of the bait and varied among species, with Providencia rettgeri dominating in Chrysomya nigripes and Klebsiella oxytoca prevalent in Chrysomya villeneuvi. These results highlight the dynamic insect–microbe interactions of carrion decomposition and provide baseline data for understanding blowfly ecology and associated microbiomes in tropical rainforest environments.

Protective Effects of Antioxidant Extracts on Liver Damage and Electrical Properties in Mice Injected with Benzo[a]pyrene

Tue, 08 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) is a highly toxic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon that induces oxidative stress and structural damage in hepatic tissue. Antioxidant-rich plant extracts have been proposed as potential protective agents against BaP-induced liver injury. This study aimed to evaluate the protective effects of soursop leaf, garlic, and moringa leaf extracts against BaP-induced liver damage using complementary histopathological and electrical property analyses. Eighty-five male mice were randomly assigned to 17 treatment groups consisting of one untreated control group, one benzo[a]pyrene-only (BaP) group, and fifteen antioxidant treatment groups receiving BaP exposure followed by soursop leaf extract, garlic extract, or moringa leaf extract at five different dose levels. Liver tissue damage was assessed through microscopic histopathological examination, while electrical properties as impedance, resistivity, and dielectric constant were measured to evaluate cellular membrane integrity and tissue bioelectrical function. The results demonstrated that BaP exposure induced marked liver tissue damage and disrupted hepatic electrical properties. Antioxidant treatment groups showed significant structural and bioelectrical recovery compared to the BaP-only group. Among the tested treatments, antioxidant administration at intermediate doses produced the most consistent protective effects. Overall, antioxidant supplementation attenuated oxidative damage, improved hepatic tissue integrity, and restored electrical homeostasis in BaP-exposed mice. These findings indicate that soursop leaf, garlic, and moringa leaf extracts possess hepatoprotective potential against benzo[a]pyrene-induced toxicity and support the use of combined histopathological and electrical property analyses as sensitive indicators for evaluating liver tissue recovery.

Effect of ultrasound amplitude on the complexation of green banana starch with two types of fatty acids

Tue, 08 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0700

This work aimed to investigate the influence of different ultrasound amplitudes (20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, 100%) on the complexation of green Saba banana starch with two types of fatty acids (lauric acid, C12:0 and stearic acid, C18:0). The complex index (CI), swelling power, solubility and in vitro digestibility were determined. In general, ultrasonication promoted more starch-fatty acid complexes with shorter chain lauric acid (LA) than stearic acid (SA). Increasing ultrasound amplitudes from 20% to 40% promoted higher CI, but higher amplitudes caused severe starch degradation that reduced the complexing efficiency. Significant correlations were found between CI and swelling power (r = -0.848, p < 0.01), solubility (r = -0.754, p < 0.01), rapidly digestible starch (r = -0.745, p < 0.01) and resistant starch (r = 0.947, p < 0.05). This study concludes that selecting the optimal amplitude is crucial for successfully complexing green Saba banana starch with fatty acids and reducing its digestibility. While current results demonstrate key functional and digestibility effects, further research is required to evaluate structural and thermal properties to confirm this phenomenon definitively.

Effect of Drying Temperature on the Drying Kinetics of Red Rice Paddy (Oryza sativa L.) in a Tray Dryer

Tue, 08 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Understanding the temperature-dependent drying kinetics and convective transport mechanism is critical for the characterization of the drying process of red rice paddy under controlled conditions. This present study evaluates the drying behavior and heat and mass transfer characteristics of red rice paddy in a laboratory-scale tray dryer over a temperature range of 30 – 80 °C, with sun drying functioning as a reference. The drying kinetics were evaluated using several thin-layer models, while convective heat and mass transfer characteristics were estimated from dimensionless-number correlations. Increasing the drying temperature enhanced moisture removal, with the average drying rate increasing from 0.0012 kg moisture/(kg dry paddy·min) during sun drying to 0.0020 kg moisture/(kg dry paddy·min) at 80 °C tray drying. Among the evaluated models, the Page model demonstrated the optimal overall fit, with an average coefficient of determination of 0.9904 and a sum of squared errors of 0.0050. The estimated convective heat transfer coefficient remained nearly constant at 68.43 ± 0.40 W/(m²·K). Conversely, the convective mass transfer coefficient exhibited an increase, rising from 0.0649 to 0.0799 m/s across the temperature range of 30 to 80 °C. The activation energy for convective mass transfer was found to be 3.70 kJ/mol. The results obtained characterize the temperature-dependent drying and convective transport behavior within the investigated drying configuration and observation period.

Optimization of Indole-3-Acetic Acid (IAA) Biosynthesis by Enterobacter Cloacae 38 in Defatted Soybean Meal Via Response Surface Methodology

Wed, 09 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Plant growth promoting srhizosphere (PGPR) research has gained significant interest for improving crop productivity and promoting sustainable agriculture. Among various plant hormones, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) is a key auxin typically produced by PGPR that supports the growth and development of plants. In this study, Enterobacter cloacae 38 was identified as an effective IAA-producing bacterium using defatted soybean meal (DSM), a soybean by-product, as an inexpensive substitute for the commonly used Luria–Bertani (LB) medium. This study reports the optimization of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) biosynthesis by Enterobacter cloacae 38 using defatted soybean meal (DSM) as a low-cost alternative medium through response surface methodology (RSM). Unlike conventional soybean-based media for microbial cultivation or biofertilizer production, this study demonstrates DSM as a cost-effective medium for enhancing microbial IAA biosynthesis compared with commercial LB medium. Key culture conditions, including L-tryptophan concentration, pH, and different carbon and nitrogen sources, were screened and optimized to enhance IAA biosynthesis. One-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) analysis showed that E. cloacae 38 produced the highest IAA titer of 529.71 µg/mL after 120 h of fermentation. Among the tested parameters, DSM as a nitrogen source and L-tryptophan concentration had the strongest influence on IAA production, whereas carbon sources had no significant effect. Further optimization using response surface methodology (RSM) increased IAA biosynthesis to 627 µg/mL under the optimal conditions of 20 mg/mL DSM, 5 mg/mL L-tryptophan, pH 9, 37 °C, and 120 h incubation. Post-validation experiments confirmed that the DSM-optimized medium produced 25.6% more IAA than commercial LB medium.

Comparative modelling of membrane filtration performance using response surface methodology, artificial neural network, and random forest regression: Implications for food and bioprocessing applications

Thu, 10 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Membrane filtration plays a critical role in the food and bioprocessing industries. Despite its widespread application, accurately predicting membrane performance remains challenging due to the non-linear and inter-dependent influence of multiple operational parameters, including transmembrane pressure (TMP), crossflow velocity (CFV), temperature, pH, and solute concentration. This study evaluates the predictive performance of response surface methodology (RSM), artificial neural network (ANN), and random forest (RF) regression for permeate flux prediction. The models were trained and validated using 46 experimental data points compiled from a published study on water and wastewater filtration. Although derived from a different domain, the underlying flux dynamics and fouling mechanisms are conceptually analogous to those in food and bioprocessing systems, making this dataset a valid proxy for benchmarking model architecture and predictive capability. The RSM model identified TMP and CFV as the most statistically significant predictors and achieved an excellent goodness-of-fit (R² = 0.9993). The machine learning models also demonstrated strong predictive accuracy, with the ANN achieving an R² of 0.995 under cross-validation and the RF model reaching an R² of 0.933. The ANN effectively captured complex non-linear relationships in the data, whereas the RF model exhibited good generalization capability and interpretability. Collectively, these findings offer a conceptual framework for future membrane modelling applications in food and bioprocessing applications, with predictive accuracy expected to improve as larger, domain-specific datasets become available.

Bioremediation of Heavy Metal Using Burkholderia cenocepacia and Optimization of Heavy Metal Remediation

SN Praveena Yadavalli, Sreenivasulu Kamma, Debasish Sahoo — Wed, 16 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Rapid industrialization has resulted in widespread metal contamination of ecosystems, creating a need for effective biological remediation strategies. This study investigated the metal tolerance and biosorption characteristics of Burkholderia cenocepacia isolated from heavy metal-contaminated soil. The strain demonstrated effective removal of different metal ions, including As³⁺, Pb²⁺, Zn²⁺, and Cr⁶⁺, from multi-metal solutions. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assays revealed variations in metal tolerance, indicating strain-specific responses to metal stress. The strain showed strong metal tolerance capacity; however, the simultaneous presence of multiple metal ions resulted in competitive binding and reduced metal removal, suggesting inhibition of metal adsorption onto extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). FTIR analysis confirmed the involvement of bacterial functional groups in metal binding and revealed the appearance of new peaks following metal exposure, indicating possible EPS production and associated changes in cellular surface chemistry. EDX analysis further demonstrated metal deposition on bacterial surfaces and within cytoplasmic regions, together with morphological changes and distinct metal adsorption patterns. XRD and EDX analyses confirmed intracellular metal accumulation, highlighting the complexity of microbial–metal interactions. Differences in metal distribution patterns suggested species-specific accumulation mechanisms influenced by metal availability and environmental conditions. The findings emphasize the importance of selecting suitable bacterial strains for specific metal containing effluents, particularly where competitive interactions may limit simultaneous metal uptake. The broad metal tolerance and removal capacity of B. cenocepacia indicate its potential application in heavy metal remediation through bioreactors or in situ treatment systems.

Glyceryl Monostearate-Based Nanostructured Lipid Carriers: A Comparative Review of Formulation Strategies and Performance Evaluation

Wed, 09 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) represent a second-generation lipid nanocarrier technology designed to address the limitations of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs), particularly their low drug-loading capacity and instability. This comprehensive review evaluates the role of glyceryl monostearate (GMS) as the primary solid lipid component in NLC systems. It analyzes formulation strategies, physicochemical characteristics, and performance outcomes of GMS-based NLCs. Relevant literature published between 2015 and 2025 was systematically collected from prominent scientific databases and critically assessed based on formulation composition, particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential (ZP), entrapment efficiency (EE), drug loading (DL), and biological performance. The reviewed studies underscore the significant influence of lipid ratios, surfactant selection, and preparation methods on NLCs characteristics. GMS forms a semi-crystalline matrix that facilitates drug accommodation and minimizes drug expulsion. In summary, GMS-based NLCs exhibit substantial potential to enhance the bioavailability, stability, and controlled-release properties of lipophilic compounds for pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical applications.