Eau Heritage Journal Social Science and Humanities (Online)

The Implementation of Deferred Prosecution Agreements in the Thai Legal System: Challenges and Prospects

Nochaya Songsatit — 2026-02-19

Deferred Prosecution Agreements (DPAs) have emerged as a crucial legal instrument in the fight against corporate crime across a number of advanced legal jurisdictions. This article presents a comprehensive analysis of both the legal foundations and practical applications of DPAs, with a particular focus on their potential integration into the Thai legal system. Through a comparative study of the DPA frameworks in the United States and the United Kingdom—each of which embodies distinct institutional models supported by robust legal infrastructures—this article highlights valuable lessons for Thailand. The study assesses the extent to which Thailand’s existing legal structure could accommodate a DPA regime tailored to its unique procedural and institutional conditions. It begins by examining the current framework governing corporate criminal liability in Thailand, identifying key limitations such as the lack of prosecutorial discretion, procedural constraints in criminal investigations, challenges in judicial sentencing, and enforcement inefficiencies, particularly in cases involving bribery and corruption. Drawing from international case studies and legal best practices, the article proposes a structured DPA model for Thailand. The proposed framework seeks to align with the country’s civil law tradition while embedding safeguards such as judicial oversight, institutional transparency, and enforceable compliance mechanisms to ensure both legal integrity and practical effectiveness

Emergency Arbitrators in Thailand: Legal Gaps and Reform Proposals

Nattaphat Santimetvirul — 2026-02-19

This article addresses the legal gap in Thailand’s arbitration system, which currently lacks provisions for the appointment of an emergency arbitrator in situations requiring urgent interim measures before the arbitral tribunal is formally constituted. While arbitration offers a faster, more private, and neutral dispute resolution process compared to traditional court proceedings, the process of appointing arbitrators can be time-consuming. This delay poses significant risks to parties facing urgent circumstances or potential irreparable harm that cannot wait for a final decision.

Several leading arbitration jurisdictions—such as Singapore, Hong Kong, and England—have adopted mechanisms for appointing emergency arbitrators to issue interim measures during the interim period before the main arbitral tribunal is established. This article conducts a comparative study of the legal frameworks in these jurisdictions, focusing on legal recognition, application procedures, enforceability of interim orders, and grounds for challenging the emergency arbitrator. Through an analysis of relevant domestic and international legal documents, the article proposes amendments to Thailand’s Arbitration Act B.E. 2545 to enable the appointment of emergency arbitrators.

Study of Students' Educational Needs and Competencies Bachelor of Engineering Program in Industrial Engineering

Theerapong Borirak — 2026-02-19

This article investigates the factors influencing students’ decisions to pursue further studies in Industrial Engineering (IE), the evolving role of industrial engineers in the context of Industry 4.0, and the competencies required to support competency-based curriculum design under an Outcome-Based Education (OBE) framework. The results indicate that students’ decision-making is influenced by three primary dimensions: individual factors, career-related motivations, and social influences. These factors, together with institutional quality and reputation, significantly affect students’ intentions to continue their studies in IE programs. The study highlights the expanding role of industrial engineers in integrating core Industry 4.0 technologies—including the Internet of Things (IoT), Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS), Artificial Intelligence (AI), Big Data analytics, Cloud Computing, and Robotics—into modern manufacturing systems. This transformation introduces challenges related to cybersecurity, investment costs, and organizational readiness, which must be addressed through appropriate competency development. The required competencies for industrial engineers are synthesized into three domains: technical, managerial, and human competencies. Key competencies include data-driven decision-making, automation and digital system integration, systems thinking, communication, and adaptability, which align with expected learning outcomes in OBE-oriented engineering programs. Insights from industry stakeholders indicate a strong expectation for industrial engineering graduates to be work-ready upon entry into the workforce, revealing competency gaps that motivate some graduates to pursue postgraduate education to enhance specialized skills. The findings emphasize the necessity of aligning curriculum design, learning outcomes, and assessment methods with industry-driven competencies through a competency-based and OBE-oriented approach. Strengthened collaboration between higher education institutions and industry is therefore recommended to ensure the relevance and effectiveness of industrial engineering education in the digital era.

The Problem of Copyright Infringement in Text and Data Mining (TDM) Under the Copyright Act B.E. 2537: A Comparative Study Between Thailand, the United States, the United Kingdom, Japan and China

Pornpepat Suwannachairob — 2026-02-19

This article examines the problem of copyright infringement in the context of Text and Data Mining (TDM) under Thailand’s Copyright Act B.E. 2537 (1994), comparing it with the legal frameworks of the United States, the United Kingdom, Japan, and China. TDM, a key process in extracting insights from large datasets, often requires reproducing copyrighted materials, raising copyright infringement concerns. While countries like Japan and the U.S. have adopted flexible or specific exceptions facilitating TDM, Thailand’s current legal structure, particularly Section 32 and its interpretation by the Supreme Court, offers limited scope for such activities even for non-commercial purposes. This restrictiveness hinders innovation and places Thailand at a competitive disadvantage. The study highlights the need to amend Thai copyright law to explicitly permit TDM, ensuring both legal clarity and support for technological advancement in line with global practices.

Guidelines for Developing the Phanatnikom 2 School Group Based on the Concept of Schools as Learning Communities

Kirana Ruangsri — 2026-02-19

The purposes of this research were as follows: (1) to study the current and desired situations, (2) to investigate development guidelines, and (3) to examine the feasibility and appropriateness of development guidelines for schools in Phanat Nikhom 2 Group based on the concept of schools as learning communities. The sample consisted of 13 school administrators and 134 teachers, selected by stratified random sampling. The quantitative instrument was a five-level scale questionnaire. The qualitative instrument was a semi-structured interview with five experts and a focus group discussion with 12 participants. The development guidelines were validated by five experts. Data were collected by the researcher. Quantitative data were analyzed by using Frequency, Percentage, Mean, Standard Deviation, and the needs index (PNI_modified). Qualitative data were analyzed through content analysis. The results revealed that the current and desired situations were at a high level.
The highest need was in the area of activity systems, followed by vision and philosophy. Development guidelines for activity systems included active collaborative learning for students, teacher peer learning, and learning with parents, local communities, local scholars, and higher education training centers. The certification results indicated that the development guidelines had a high level of appropriateness and feasibility.

School Management Strategies for the Large Primary Schools Under the Chonburi Primary Educational Service Area Office 1, Chonburi Province

Wannipha Deeduangphan — 2026-02-19

The Purpose of mixed-methods research were (1) to study the current and desired conditions. (2) to study the external and internal environments (3) to formulate strategies, and (4) to assess the appropriate and research of large primary schools in Chonburi Primary Educational Service Area Office 1. The research sample consisted of 6 school administrators and 182 teachers using stratified random sampling method. The quantitative research instruments included questionnaires and assessment forms. The qualitative instruments included recording forms and workshops. The quantitative data were analyzed by using statistics such as Frequency, Percentage, Mean, Standard Deviation, PNI_modified. The formula for calculating the alpha coefficient was used. The data were collected by self-administered data collection. The qualitative data analysis employed by content analysis. The results showed that 1) the current and desired conditions of large primary schools in Chonburi Primary Educational Service Area Office 1 were at the high and highest levels, respectively. 2) The analysis of the external and internal environments indicated that the Opportunities and Weaknesses points suggested the need for further improvement and development. 3) The strategies comprised of 4 main strategies and 19 sub-strategies. 4) The results of the suitability assessment and feasibility showed that the management strategies of large primary schools in the Chonburi educational service area office 1 were at the highest level in terms of suitability and feasibility. The results of the suitability assessment and feasibility revealed that the management strategies of large primary schools in the Chonburi Educational Service Area Office 1 were at the highest level in terms of suitability and feasibility were at the highest level

Developing Data Handling Guidelines for Open-Source LLM Training in Compliance with Section 37 under Thailand’s PDPA and Related Legal Provisions

Nattakrit Kaewjiboon — 2026-02-19

This study examines the application of Section 37 under Thailand’s Personal Data Protection Act (PDPA) to the training of open-source Large Language Model (LLM), a context often characterized by decentralization and limited institutional oversight. Beyond doctrinal and comparative legal analysis, the research incorporates semi-structured interviews with open-source AI developers in Thailand to ground legal findings in real-world practices. Drawing from structural risk analysis and practitioner feedback, the study proposes a conceptual framework for LLM-based data handling guidelines. The framework presents a modular, role-sensitive approach accompanied by practical tables to assist data controllers in operationalizing Section 37. Designed to support resource-constrained environments, the proposed guidelines aim to support legally compliant, scalable, and responsible development of open-source LLM in Thailand.

Factor Influencing Customer in Low-Cost Airlines

Jirayu Payon — 2026-02-19

This research aimed to (1) analyze the influence of service marketing mix factors on low-cost airline customer loyalty; and (2) analyze the influence of corporate image on low-cost airline customer loyalty. The study's sample consisted of 400 Thai passengers who had used Nok Air more than once within the past six months and were over 20 years old. Stratified sampling and systematic random sampling methods were employed. Data was collected using questionnaires. The statistical method employed was multiple regression analysis. The results revealed that: (1) service marketing mix factors namely efficiency and quality, physical environment, and price and costs significantly influenced the loyalty of low-cost airline passengers; and (2) corporate image factors specifically location and facilities also significantly influenced passenger loyalty. The findings indicate that service efficiency and quality are the most important positive factors for airlines, while investments in the physical environment and appropriate pricing remain critical considerations for fostering loyalty among low-cost airline passengers, who tend to be value-sensitive.

The Relationship Between Job Competency and Work Performance Efficiency of Operator in the automotive parts industry

Jirus Aimotch — 2026-02-19

The Purposes of this research were (1) to study the level of job competency (2) to study the level of work performance efficiency of operator and (3) to study the relationship between job competency and work performance efficiency in the automotive and automotive parts industry. The sample group for this research consists of 400 operational-level employees. The data collection tool used was a questionnaire. The statistics used for data analysis were frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, and Pearson’s correlation coefficient, the statistical significance level was set at the 0.05. The rusults of research findings were as follows: (1) the level of job competencies was at a high level, (2) the level of work performance efficiency in the automotive and automotive parts industry was at a high level, and (3) the relationship between job competency and work performance efficiency in the automotive parts industry was at a moderate level.

Adaptive Market Hypothesis in ASEAN Exchanges: A Multi-Non-Linear Approach, Multifractal and Wavelet-Based Sample Entropy

Ramede Khunnawanaphong — 2026-02-19

In this study, the adaptive market hypothesis (AMH) is tested in the context of six ASEAN exchanges by employing two nonlinear analytical methods: wavelet-based sample entropy (SampEn) and multifractal detrended fluctuation analysis (MF-DFA). Daily price indices (earliest availability–June 2025) are analyzed after STL preprocessing to focus on residual dynamics, obtained from the Bloomberg database, and employed. The results demonstrate that all markets exhibit distinct multifractal characteristics. Indonesia shows the highest maltifactual level (Δh=0.616); Vietnam displays the highest persistence (H(q=2)=0.629) but the lowest Δh (0.176); Singapore and the Philippines hover near random‑walk behavior. Rolling H and Δh highlight efficiency that changes with market states, aligning with AMH. The Hurst index and the entropy complexity values also change over time. These results are similar to those of other studies in the field (Niere, 2013; Yalamova, 2006; Phan & Pham, 2019). Practical implications: adopt adaptive allocation and risk controls tied to each market’s efficiency cycle; confirm signals with rolling, multi‑scale backtests; and, from a policy angle, strengthen liquidity and transparency, especially around macro shocks.

Factors Affecting the Import and Management of Electronic Waste Khong Chai District, Kalasin Province

Ratchada taengphukieo — 2026-02-19

This research sought to examine the determinants influencing e-waste management in Khon Chai District, Kalasin Province. Data was gathered from a sample of 500 individuals using a four-point Likert scale questionnaire. The dependent variable was electronic waste management behavior, encompassing the segregation, collection, transportation, and appropriate disposal of electronic trash. Quantitative data was obtained via surveys and statistical analysis. results indicated that the majority of the sample consisted of females (57.6%), individuals over 60 years of age (35.8%), those with primary education (68.6%), farmers (68.6%), and residents of the Khok Sa-at area (90.6%). The examination of the four elements influencing e-waste management revealed that attitude had the highest mean (2.25±0.77), signifying that it was the most significant factor. The public prioritized management practices that do not pollute the environment, as shown by a score of (1.97±0.85), suggesting a growing emphasis on responsible management. The subsequent factor was perception (1.87±0.84), indicating that the population possessed a moderate awareness of the effects of e-waste. The knowledge component exhibited the lowest mean value (1.82±0.85), signifying that public awareness regarding e-waste remains inadequate. The analysis of the association between demographic characteristics and attitudes revealed no significant difference in gender (Sig.=0.900). The views of males and females towards e-waste management were generally similar. The residential area exhibited a notable difference (F=3.775, Sig.=0.024). The Games-Howell analysis revealed substantial differences in mean attitudes between the Khok Sa-at and Non Sila Ling areas, as well as between the Non Sila Ling and Khong Chai areas. The Khok Sa-at and Khong Chai Phatthana areas exhibited no substantial differences.

An Investigation of Factors Influencing the Choice Between Private Vehicles and Public Transportation in Bangkok Metropolitan Region

Ratchadakorn Poohoi — 2026-02-19

This research aims to investigate factors influencing the decision to choose between private vehicles and public transportation in the Bangkok Metropolitan Region. The study commenced with a survey research methodology for data collection. Data analysis involved descriptive statistics and hypothesis testing using a T-test. The findings indicate that among the sample group, the highest satisfaction with private vehicle usage across four factors was related to safety (𝑥̅=4.57), while the lowest was time management (𝑥̅=3.50). Concurrently, for public transportation usage, the highest satisfaction among the four factors was also safety
(𝑥̅=4.51), with the lowest being cost (𝑥̅=3.98). Hypothesis test results revealed that the factors of road safety and traffic routes had Sig. values of 0.420 and 0.230. This indicates that these two factors do influence the choice between private vehicles and public transportation at a statistically. Conversely, the cost of travel and time management factors had Sig. values of 0.000 and 0.0001. This suggests that these two factors do not influence the choice between private vehicles and public transportation at a statistically significant level of 0.05.

สารจากธรรมชาติประเภทไทรเทอร์พีนอยด์

Surapong Kengtong — 2026-02-19

หนังสือ “สารธรรมชาติประเภทไทรเทอร์พีนอยด์” เป็น e-book ที่มีรายละเอียดของสารสำคัญจากธรรมชาติส่วนหนึ่งในกลุ่มเทอร์พีนอยด์ ซึ่งเป็นกลุ่มสารจากธรรมชาติกลุ่มใหญ่ที่สุด หนังสือได้กล่าวถึงการจำแนกกลุ่มย่อยของสารในเชิงพฤกษเคมี ชีวสังเคราะห์ การสกัดแยก และการตรวจสอลเบื้องต้นของกลุ่มสารเหล่านั้น ตลอดจนการพิสูจน์โครงสร้างทางเคมีของสารในกลุ่มนี้

สาระสำคัญของ e-book เล่มนี้อีกส่วนหนึ่ง คือ ตัวอย่างของสมุนไพรซึ่งมีองค์ประกอบทางเคมีที่สำคัญ เป็นสารในกลุ่มไทรเทอร์พีนอยด์ โดยเน้นหนักที่ชนิดของสาระสำคัญสำคัญเหล่านั้น มีการรวบรวมฤทธิ์ทางเภสัชวิทยาจากงานวิจัยต่างๆ อีกทั้งตัวอย่างของสารในกลุ่มไทรเทอร์พีนอยด์ที่มีการพัฒนาเพื่อใช้ประโยชน์ทางยา