Wishing Journal Review

Guidelines for Managing Student Activities to Enhance a Meaningful and Valuable way of Life According to the Ikigai Concept of the Students at the Affiliated School of Khlong San District Office Bangkok Metropolitan

Amornthep Sasima, Pratumthong Trairat — Wed, 11 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0700

Abstract

It aimed to (1) explore the current and desirable states; (2) examine the strengths, weaknesses, and priority needs; and (3) propose approaches to student affairs management creating a guide to living valuable and meaningful life according to the Ikigai concept among school students under the Khlong San District Office of Bangkok Metropolitan Administration. It employed a quantitative research method which included a sample of school administrators and teachers, totally 140 persons, with 104 respondents accounting for 74.29%. The tool used was a 5 point rating scale questionnaire with IOC value = 1.00 and reliability of .986. For the analysis of priority needs index, informants were 9 experts. The tool used was propriety and feasibility evaluation form as a 5-point rating scale. Research statistics consisted of percentage, mean, standard deviation, and Priority Needs Index Modified.

Research results revealed that the current state of student affairs management creating a guide to living valuable and meaningful life according to the Ikigai concept among school students under the Khlong San District Office of Bangkok Metropolitan Administration, based on the analysis of overall and individual aspects was at a moderate level. The desirable state based on the analysis of overall and individual aspects was at a highest level. The analysis of priority needs for student affairs management suggested that school health was in a low group as strength, while student activities were in a high group as weakness. With respect to a guide to living valuable and meaningful life according to the Ikigai concept, harmony and sustainability was in a low group as strength, while living in the present moment was in a high group as weakness. Regarding the purpose according to the Ikigai concept, the work was in a low group as strength, while the duty was in a high group as weakness the results were taken to determine the following approaches. 1) Developing holistic student activities appropriate for individual differences to allow for discovering and developing self-potential, enhancing life skills, with value and meaning. 1.1) Developing student activities to create diverse experiences, knowledge, and expertise, and happiness in living a sustainable life. 1.2) Developing activities to enhance students' potential according to their aptitudes and interests beneficial to oneself and society. 2) Developing student support and assistance work on promoting, preventing, and solving problems to ensure students living valuable and meaningful life. 2.1) Developing the formulation of a plan to develop the quality of student support and assistance work to ensure students living valuable and meaningful life. 2.2) Developing quality and standard tools for operating student support and assistance work to ensure students living valuable and meaningful life. 2.3) Developing the internal and external involvement by encouraging all sectors to develop knowledge and abilities in operating the support and assistance work to ensure students living valuable and meaningful life. 3) Developing the guidance work to promote students living valuable and meaningful life with the involvement of all parties. 3.1) Developing the guidance work by providing a variety of services and activities to promote students living valuable and meaningful life. 3.2) Developing a guidance system in relation with other works and individuals both inside and outside of school.

The results of this research can be used to formulate policies for educational management to create guidelines for educating learners to see their goals in living a valuable life.

Keywords : Approaches to student affairs management, Living valuable life, Ikigai concept

Guidelines for Student Affairs Administration to Promote 8 Desirable Characteristics According to The Sustainable Development Concept of Tha Chin Inter-School Group Under the Office of Samut Sakhon Primary Educational Service Area

Rungaroon Sorsirikul, Pratumthong Trairat — Wed, 11 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0700

Education is regarded an imperative foundation in developing the potential of human resources to contribute to the organization, the nation, and the world. Such development include cognitive, affective, and psychomotor domains that result in the acquisition of knowledge and competencies to make a living and survive, and also shape people for their conscience and morality, as the ones being developed intellectually and mentally and as valuable citizen of Thai society and world society as well. Since rapid changes by the globalization trend of social conditions today enormously affects students' learning behavior, a lot of students are unable to adapt to such social changes and act in a derogatory way, and even cause problems in schools and society. It is thus essential that students are equipped with the combination of knowledge substances, the concept of being a perfect human physically, mentally, emotionally, socially, and intellectually, and the new age technological skills and knowledge to ensure that they become good and smart person and accepted by society in the future. The present research on guidelines for student affairs management to promote 8 desirable characteristics based on sustainable development concept was aimed to (1) explore the current state (2) explore the desirable state, and (3) propose guidelines for student affairs management to promote 8 desirable characteristics based on sustainable development concept among Tha-Chin affiliated schools under the Samutsakhon Primary Educational Service Area Office. Quantitative research approach was used and included a sample group of school administrators and teachers of Tha-Chin affiliated schools under the Samutsakhon Primary Educational Service Area Office, in 2023 academic year. The sample size was determined based on the table of Krejcie and Morgan (1970, p 608), obtaining a sample group of totally 193 persons after classifying groups by number in the table and using a simple random sampling method. The number of questionnaire respondents was 169, accounting for 93.89%. Research instrument was a 5-point rating scale questionnaire with IOC in a range of .67 - 1.00 and reliability of .75. The analysis was performed for Priority Need Index Modified. Informants were 15 experts. The instrument to evaluate the propriety and feasibility was a 5-point rating scale evaluation form. Research statistics involved percentage, mean, standard deviation, and Priority Need Index Modified.

Research results pertaining to student affairs management to promote 8 desirable characteristics based on sustainable development concept among Tha-Chin affiliated schools under the Samutsakhon Primary Educational Service Area Office was found in overall at a moderate level for the current state (==3.28 S.D.=.28) and at a highest level for the desirable state (==4.52,S.D. .22). The priority need for the implementation of student assistance system was reported highest, as weakness (PNI_modified =0.396), followed by the promotion and development of students’ discipline, morality, and ethics (PNI_modified=0.391), and implementation to promote democracy in school (PNI_modified=0.379) as weaknesses. These were taken to formulate guidelines for student development comprising 3 main approaches and 9 sub-approaches. Main approach 1: Developing the implementation of sustainable student assistance system. Sub Approach 1.1 Developing activities to promote an emphasis on critical thinking and problem solving thinking. Sub Approach 1.2 Developing the organization of activities to promote the use of participative decision making. Sub Approach 1.3 Developing the organization of activities to promote multi-disciplinary and holistic educational management. Main Approach 2: Developing the promotion of students’ value of Thainess. Sub Approach 2.1 Developing the establishment of value for Thai living. Sub Approach 2.2 Developing the drive to reinforce local value. Sub Approach 2.3 Developing the participation and recognition of the value of Thainess. Main Approach 3: Developing the promotion of democracy in consistent with the local culture. Sub Approach 3.1 Developing the organization of activities to promote morality and ethics based on the local way. Sub Approach 3.2 Developing the use of between-locality multiple methodology. Sub Approach 3.3 Developing the drive for cultural innovation construction.

Guidelines for Managing Information Systems to Enhance Efficiency in Educational Management of Primary Schools in Kathum Baen District Under Samut Sakhon Primary Educational Service Area Office

Nartlada Thongteeb, Pratumthong Trairat — Wed, 11 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0700

Technological advancement has brought about changes and plays an increasing role in school operations for administration and teacher’s management of education. It is hence imperative to develop an effective educational approach based on the analysis, design, development, implementation and evaluation of instructional environment and learning media to provide a more effective system of teaching and learning. Educational institutions or schools should have implementation guidelines for acquiring information that will facilitate a proper decision-making to solve problems, with an action plan supported by such information rather than speculation. With these background and significance, the researcher was thus interested to study about Guidelines For Managing Information Systems To Enhance Efficiency In Educational Management of Primary Schools In Kathum Baen District Under Samut Sakhon Primary Educational Service Area Office. The study result will serve as the data or guide to prepare for the use of information technology in school administration and also the use of technology in teaching and learning. The objectives of this research was 1) to study the current and desired conditions of information system management to promote efficiency. in the provision of primary school education Krathum Baen District Under the jurisdiction of the Samut Sakhon Primary Educational Service Area Office 2) To propose guidelines for information system management to promote efficiency. in the provision of primary school education Krathum Baen District Under the jurisdiction of the Samut Sakhon Primary Educational Service Area Office. It took a quantitative research method which includes a sample of school administrators and teachers for totally 261 persons. There were 242 questionnaire respondents, accounting for 90.64%. The research tools was a 5-point rating scale questionnaire with IOC in a range of .67 - 1.00 and reliability of .98. The analysis employed the Priority Need Index Modified. Informants were 15 experts. The tool used was a propriety and feasibility evaluation form as a 5-point rating scale. Statistical analysis was performed for percentage, mean, standard deviation, and Priority Need Index Modified.

Research result found that the school management to promote information technology skills of teachers in Kratumbaen district under under the Samutsakhon Primary Education Service in overall and individual aspect was at a moderate level for the current state, and in overall at a highest level for the desirable state, with 5 aspects at a highest level. The priority needs of guidelines for school management to promote information technology skills of teachers in Kratumbaen district under under the Samutsakhon Primary Education Service suggested PNImodified as .378 in overall, and by individual aspect including the need for using information technology in teaching and learning (PNImodified = .357) at a lowest level as the strength; using information technology in administration (PNImodified = .391), developing information technology for education (PNImodified = .379), and readiness of information technology system (PNImodified = .361) at a highest level as weaknesses. Accordingly, the guidelines with 2 main approaches and 5 sub-approaches were determined. Main Approach 1: Defining policies for the use of information technology in administration and management of education. Sub-Approach 1.1 Analyzing and establishing an information technology system for administration and management of education; Sub-Approach 1.2 Developing the knowledge and ability of personnel to support the use of information technology in education management. Main Approach 2: Defining policies for the management of data and information in education management. Sub-Approach 2.1 Organizing database on the knowledge of teaching and learning management; Sub-Approach 2.2 Securing resources for the use of information technology in teaching and learning management; Sub-Approach 2.3. Networking for learning exchange of information technology in teaching and learning management

The relationship between the leadership of school administrators and the quality of life in Work performance of teachers For the balance between work and life of teachers in Wang Sitha Interdisciplinary Education Under the Saraburi Primary Educational Ser

Kesorn Pruekjan, Trairat Sithithul, Jeerath Sintuaree — Wed, 11 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0700

Abstract

Educational institution administrators are considered to be very important people who will act as role models, leaders, and coordinators in administration. Whenever educational institution administrators have intelligent leadership and always keeping up with changes. It will result in teachers and educational personnel feeling and having a good attitude towards the work they do and being enthusiastic. Teachers and staff are happy to work and are willing to dedicate themselves to their work. If teachers have a good quality of working life. Performance results are effective and affect the quality of the students. Therefore, the researcher is interested in studying the subject. The relationship between the leadership of school administrators and the quality of life in Work performance of teachers for the balance between work and life of teachers in Wang Sitha Interdisciplinary Education Under the Saraburi Primary Educational Service Area Office 2. The objectives are to 1) study the leadership of educational institution administrators. 2) Study the quality of life in teachers' work 3) Study the relationship between the leadership of school administrators and the quality of life of teachers at Wang Sitha Interdisciplinary School. Under the jurisdiction of Saraburi Primary Educational Service Area Office 2

This study is quantitative research. The sample used in the research was teachers of Wang Sitha Interdisciplinary School. Under the jurisdiction of the Saraburi Primary Educational Service Area Office, Area 2. Academic year 2022. The sample size is 108 people. The researcher used the table to determine the sample size according to the table of Krejce and Morgan (1970). After that, a random sampling was done. Using a simple random sampling method to find the proportion of each school. The tools used in the research include: Questionnaire checking items. and a 5-level rating scale with confidence in the whole version equal to 0.981. The researcher analyzed the questionnaire data using a computer system. Using a ready-made social science program Statistics used in the research include frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, and Pearson’s correlation coefficient.

The results of the research found that 1) the leadership of school administrators in Wang Sitha Interdisciplinary Education Center Under the jurisdiction of the Saraburi Primary Educational Service Area Office, Area 2. Overall, the behaviors expressed were at a high level ( = 4.42). When considering each aspect, it was found that the areas with the highest averages are: In terms of building good relationships with the team ( = 4.43). Next is coordination ( = 4.42). And the aspect with the lowest average is Motivation aspect ( = 4.39). 2) Quality of life in the work of teachers in Wang Sitha Interdisciplinary School. Under the jurisdiction of the Saraburi Primary Educational Service Area Office, Area 2. Overall, the quality of life in work is at a high level ( = 4.31). When considering each aspect, it is found that The areas with the highest averages are: Participation and acceptance in society ( = 4.39). Followed by job advancement and stability ( = 4.38). And the aspect with the lowest average value is appropriate and fair compensation ( = 4.08). 3) The relationship between the leadership of the facility administrators Study on the quality of life in the work of teachers in Wang Sitha Interdisciplinary School. Under the Saraburi Primary Educational Service Area Office, District 2. Overall, it was found that there was a high level of positive relationship. Statistically significant at the level .01 with an overall correlation coefficient equal to .768, which is consistent with the set assumptions.

Guidelines for Leveraging Teamwork Relationships in Conjunction with Academic Affairs Administration to Enhance the Teaching Effectiveness of Secondary Schools under Bangkok Educational Service Area Office 1 Group 4

Jantida Jankla, Trairat Sithithul, Jeerath Sintuaree — Wed, 11 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0700

Abstract

Academic management is the core of educational institutions, necessitating teamwork in decision-making, planning, process sequencing, assistance, and mutual support. Active participation in decision-making, transparent communication, and mutual trust contribute to effective teamwork. Successful academic teamwork tends to positively impact educational management efficiency. Conversely, limited teamwork among school personnel may lead to decreased academic performance, negatively affecting educational management.

The researcher, a teacher in a secondary school under the jurisdiction of the Educational Area Office, Bangkok Metropolitan Administration, Zone 1, Group 4, aims to investigate and improve the relationship between teamwork and academic management for enhanced teaching and learning efficiency. The study involved administrators and teachers from 11 secondary schools in the mentioned area during the 2023 academic year.

The objectives of the study were to: 1) Examine teamwork in secondary schools within the specified educational area. 2) Investigate academic management practices in secondary schools within the specified educational area. 3) Explore the relationship between teamwork and academic management in secondary schools within the specified educational area. 4) Develop strategies for effective teamwork and academic management in secondary schools within the specified educational area. The research used a sample group determined by Krejcie & Morgan's (1970) sample size table, comprising 38 administrators and 829 teachers, totaling 867 participants from 11 secondary schools during the 2023 academic year. The data collection tool was a questionnaire with a 5-point Likert scale. Data analysis included mean, standard deviation, and Pearson correlation analysis.

The research found that 1) Teamwork in secondary schools within the educational area was generally at a high level, encompassing aspects such as interpersonal relationships, acceptance of opinions, communication, and mutual trust. Team goals were consistently high across all dimensions. 2) Academic management in secondary schools within the educational area was rated as high overall, with specific practices related to research, outcome measurement, technology integration, learning process development, educational leadership, and curriculum development all scoring high. 3) Teamwork in schools showed a positive correlation with academic management at a statistically significant level of .01. The areas with the highest correlation were outcome measurement, evaluation, and learning outcome transfer, as well as internal quality assurance systems. The least correlated areas were team goals and outcome measurement.

Implementing academic management practices according to the guidelines of the Ministry of Education to enhance the academic performance of schools in the Mueang Phichit Campus affiliated with the Office of Secondary Education

Montira Nimsomboon, Trairat Sithithul, Jeerath Sintuaree — Wed, 11 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0700

Abstract

The current global societal landscape is undergoing rapid and profound changes. This situation has led to significant impacts on educational management, necessitating adjustments to adapt to the evolving context. Thailand has initiated educational reforms that rely on adapting educational processes to keep pace with global changes. This has resulted in changes to curriculum, assessment criteria, and educational management principles. Schools must be aware of these changes and be prepared to elevate the standard of education to meet evolving demands. Educational management has become crucial for schools, with administrators being required to prioritize it significantly. Academic performance serves as a vital indicator of education quality, with Thai society and the Ministry of Education placing great importance on it. Efforts are being made to enhance the quality of education across all institutions. It is essential to instill confidence in society that education can be managed effectively to meet societal expectations and ensure that teaching and learning processes lead to improved academic outcomes, aligning with established educational standards. Researchers are interested in studying educational management following the guidelines of the Ministry of Education to enhance the academic performance of schools in the Phichit Educational Service Area under the jurisdiction of the Phichit Provincial Education Office. The objectives of this research are to:1) Study the educational management practices of schools. 2) Explore strategies to enhance academic performance through educational management in schools within the Phichit Educational Service Area under the jurisdiction of the Phichit Provincial Education Office.

Population consists of school administrators and teachers in secondary schools within the Phichit Educational Service Area under the jurisdiction of the Phichit Provincial Education Office. The sample group was determined using the Taro Yamane formula (1973: 727-728, cited in Sutthanoon Srisai, 2008: 53) at a confidence level of 95% and a margin of error of 0.05. With a population size of 372 school administrators and teachers in secondary schools within the Phichit Educational Service Area, the sample size is 193 individuals. The selection was done through simple random sampling.

The objectives of this research are : to study the academic management practices of schools within the Phichit Educational Service Area under the jurisdiction of the Phichit Provincial Education Office.To explore strategies for developing the implementation of academic management in line with the guidelines of the Ministry of Education to enhance the academic performance of schools within the Phichit Educational Service Area under the jurisdiction of the Phichit Provincial Education Office.

The population consists of school administrators and teachers in secondary schools within the Phichit Educational Service Area under the jurisdiction of the Phichit Provincial Education Office, during the academic year 2566. There are a total of 7 schools comprising 18 administrators and 354 teachers, totaling 372 individuals. The sample group was determined using the Taro Yamane formula (1973: 727-728, cited in Sutthanoon Srisai, 2008: 53). With 5 administrators and 188 teachers, the research utilized a questionnaire with a proportional scale of 5 levels. Data analysis was conducted using mean, standard deviation, and correlation analysis.

The research findings indicate that the academic management of schools within the Phichit Educational Service Area under the jurisdiction of the Phichit Provincial Education Office is generally practiced at a high level. When considering each aspect individually, it was found that each aspect is rated high in the following order, based on the average values: 1. Learning process: Ranked highest, indicating a high level of practice. 2. Educational administration: Ranked second, also at a high level. 3. Assessment, evaluation, and grading: Ranked third, indicating a high level. 4. Internal quality assurance system and educational standards: Ranked fourth, still at a high level. 5. Curriculum development: Rated lowest in average value but still considered at a high level.

Performance-oriented Budget Management Approach to Increase the Efficiency of the School's Budget Operations and Expand Educational Opportunities under the Jurisdiction of Saraburi Primary Educational Service Area Office 2

Jatuporn Jaturaprom, Trairat Sithithul, Kittima Chareonhirun — Wed, 11 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0700

Abstract

Performance Based Budgeting (PBB) is a budget system that shows the connection between resources or budget spent and output or results that will occur. There are management conditions that emphasize joint thinking and doing. and take responsibility for the work to achieve the goals.

According to policy in order to have concrete results Emphasis will be placed on educational institutions having systematic administration. Emphasis is placed on allowing those involved in education to participate in analytical thinking, setting visions, missions, goals, and strategic planning. and productivity per work There is a systematic evaluation of educational institutions. can be checked It is consistent with efforts to decentralize educational institutions. To develop the quality of administration of educational institutions Therefore, the researcher is interested in studying Performance-oriented budget management approach to increase the efficiency of the school's budget operations and expand educational opportunities under the jurisdiction of the Saraburi Primary Educational Service Area Office, Area 2, with the objective of studying budget management with a focus on results. To increase the efficiency of the school's budget operations, expand educational opportunities, and study methods for developing results-oriented budget management. To increase the efficiency of the school's budget operations and expand educational opportunities under the jurisdiction of Saraburi Primary Educational Service Area Office 2

This study is quantitative research. Examples are school directors and teachers who work on school budgets to expand educational opportunities under the Saraburi Primary Educational Service Area Office, Area 2, academic year 2022, a total of 103 people using the sample size determination table according to Krejce and Morgan (1970), after which a random sample was drawn. By using a simple random sampling method (Simple Random Sampling), the tools used in the research include: Item check questionnaire and a 5-level rating scale. Questionnaire data were analyzed using a computer system. Using a ready-made social science program Statistics used in the research include percentage, mean, and standard deviation. and interview form the researcher conducted interviews with educational administrators of the Expanded Educational Opportunity School who have at least 5 years of experience in budgeting and have academic status not lower than that of a specialist. The topic of results-oriented budget management was brought to the interviews. and content analysis (Content Analysis) to find ways to develop budget management with a focus on results. To increase the efficiency of the school's budget operations and expand educational opportunities under the jurisdiction of Saraburi Primary Educational Service Area Office 2.

The results of the research found that 1) Budget management that focuses on school performance expands educational opportunities under the jurisdiction of the Saraburi Primary Educational Service Area Office, Area 2, overall, there was a high level of practice ( = 4.31). When considering each aspect, it was found that the aspect with the highest average was budget planning ( =4.39), followed by administration. Assets ( =4.37) and internal auditing ( =4.22) had the lowest averages. The consistency index value is between 0.67-1.00 and the confidence value is 0.97. 2) Guidelines for developing performance-oriented budget management to increase the efficiency of the school's budget operations and expand educational opportunities under the jurisdiction of the Saraburi Primary Educational Service Area Office, Area 2 2.1) Budget planning There should be accurate information in budget management and past performance results should be used as data for analysis. to get guidelines Used to set vision, strategy, objectives, and success indicators. Including the preparation of project plans 2.2) Calculating the cost of activities There should be a central standard to analyze the cost per unit of output. In order to get correct and accurate cost information per unit of output. 2.3) Procurement system organization Awareness should be created. Clear understanding for operators and related parties regarding procurement regulations and the operation of the procurement system. Must follow the rules Strict regulations 2.4) Financial management and budget control must include an analysis of the worthiness of projects/activities. A committee should be appointed to expedite and monitor budget spending. 2.5) Financial reporting. and operating results Executives should check bank accounts. with financial reports View financial status Technology should be brought in to help with monitoring and evaluation. 2.6) Asset management A person should be appointed to take direct responsibility. If damaged or broken, have it repaired so that it is in ready-to-use condition. Accurate asset analysis should be added. 2.7) Internal audit the potential for knowledge and understanding should be increased. The skills of the operator and their roles and responsibilities must be clearly defined.

Vol. 04 No.02 (May-August 2024)

Wishing Journal Review — Wed, 11 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0700

List of contents

Wishing Journal Review — Wed, 11 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0700

Active Learning Student Development Activities

Phra Direksak Attatheepo Phimpabud, Kasem Saengnont, Booncherd Chumnisart — Wed, 11 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0700

Abstract

Active learning (Active learning) is a teaching and learning process that encourages students to participate in the classroom. Create interaction between teachers and students. Aiming for students to practice with teachers as facilitators Inspire, give advice, care, advise, act as a coach and mentor. Seeking techniques for organizing learning and various learning resources Let students learn in a meaningful way Learners can create knowledge. Have self-awareness, use intelligence, think, analyze, and create innovative works that indicate having important competencies in the 21st century. Have academic skills, life skills, and professional skills. Achieve learning goals according to age level.

Conceptual Social Studies for Life Style According to Tri-Sikkha

Phramaha Supharoek Supattajaree Siwankham — Wed, 11 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0700

Abstract

Tri-Sikkha: The educational system, which develops life in its entirety. Humans are beings endowed with education. The potential of humans is the starting point of Buddhism. A good life is a life of education. When developing individuals with Tri-Sikkha, life moves towards the noble path of life which consists of three aspects. Educational training must be coordinated in three parts. Developing individuals collectively is a common matter in education. Tri-Sikkha: The educational system, which develops life in its entirety. The system of Sikkha starts with arranging the area ready to work on education. Life in all three aspects and education in all three stages must be coordinated together. Education will progress with supporting factors. [In society], establishing education must not obstruct the true education of life. Tri-Sikkha system for comprehensive development in all activities, conducting educational training with Sikkha, and then measuring results with Phawana.

Integration of the Tri-Sikha with Learning Theories and Management Principles

Phramaha Prayom Kunlayano Lammai — Wed, 11 Sep 2024 00:00:00 +0700

Abstract
Education is about shortening the correct distance, because if one does not study anything, life might just be wasted in endlessly solving problems. The purpose of education in Buddhism is not solely focused on theoretical study. This is because satisfaction with just the theoretical aspect without leading to practical application cannot achieve the maximum benefits intended. Although Buddhism promotes the initial study of theory, it does not commend individuals who are satisfied and stop at just the theoretical study. Therefore, an analogy is made to those who are interested in only theoretical study; they are like a blind person holding a torch but unable to see the light it emits. In other words, they cannot truly benefit from what they have learned or memorized, akin to the proverb from the Ananda Theri Gatha.