Encountering the new "Other": Domestic tourism in Thailand
Keywords:
Domestic tourism in Thailand, Domestic tourismAbstract
In Th ailand, one of the world’s leading tourist destinations, Th ais are no longer merely “hosts” to foreign tourists but also to their compatriots who have become tourists themselves. Th e rising signifi cance of domestic tourism reveals the need to critically rethink notions of the familiar and the strange in tourism studies. Based on ethnographic fi eldwork in Northeastern Th ailand, I argue that Othering is not limited to transnational host-guest-interactions. In the small town I studied domestic tourist encounters were similarly embedded in power relations, namely in the dominant discourses of urban-rural relations in contemporary Th ailand. Nostalgic feelings have opened up the countryside as a pleasurable amenity for city dwellers seeking relaxation from work and unbearable urban conditions. Th eir rural hosts, however, disliked the Other from the city against whom even Western tourists appeared familiar.
References
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Baker, Chris and Pasuk Phongpaichit. 2014. A History of Thailand. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press.
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Chan, Yuk Wah. 2006. “Coming of Age of the Chinese Tourists: The Emergence of Non-western Tourism and Host-guest Interactions in Vietnam’s Border Tourism.” Tourist Studies 6 (3): 187–213.
Chan, Yuk Wah. 2009. “Disorganized Tourism Space: Chinese Tourists in an Age of Asian Tourism.” In: Asia on Tour. Exploring the Rise of Asian Tourism, edited by Tim Winter, Peggy Teo and T. C. Chang, 67-77. London: Routledge.
Chatthip Nartsupha. 1999 [1984]. Th e Thai Village Economy in the Past. Translated by Chris Baker and Pasuk Phongpaichit. Chiang Mai: Silkworm Books.
Cohen, Erik. 1996. Thai Tourism. Hill Tribes, Islands and Open-ended Prostitution. Bangkok: White Lotus.
Cohen, Erik. 2001. “Thailand in Touristic Transition.” In: Interconnected Worlds: Tourism in Southeast Asia, edited by Peggy Teo, T.C. Chang, and K.C. Ho, 155-175. Oxford [u.a]: Elsevier Science.
Cohen, Erik. 2014a. “The Permutations of Thai Tourism.” In: Southeast Asian Mobility Transitions: Issues and Trends in Migration and Tourism, edited by Karl Husa, Alexander Trupp, and Helmut Wohlschlägl, 237–261. Vienna: Dept. of Geography and Regional Research Univ. of Vienna.
Cohen, Erik. 2014b. “Heritage Tourism in Thai Urban Communities.” Tourism, Culture & Communication 14 (1): 1–15. https://doi.org/10.372 7/109830414X14038917832789
Cohen, Erik, and Cohen Scott A. .2015. “Beyond Eurocentrism in Tourism: A Paradigm Shift to Mobilities.” Tourism Recreation Research 40 (2): 157–168. Accessed March 26, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/025082 81.2015.1039331
Creighton, Millie. 1997. “Consuming Rural Japan: Th e Marketing of Tradition and Nostalgia in the Japanese Travel Industry.” Ethnology 36 (3): 239-254.
Elinoff , Eli. 2014. “Smouldering Aspirations. Burning Buildings and the Politics of Belonging in Contemporary Isan.” South East Asia Research 20 (3): 381–397.
Evrard, Olivier and Prasit Leepreecha. 2009. “Staging the Nation, Exploring the Margins: Domestic Tourism and Its Political Implications in Northern Thailand. In: Asia on Tour: Exploring the Rise of Asian Tourism, edited by Tim Winter, Peggy Teo, and T.C. Chang, 239–252. London: Routledge.
Franklin, Adrian and Mike Crang. 2001. “The Trouble with Tourism and Travel Theory.” Tourist Studies 1 (1): 5–22.
Ghimire, Krishna B., ed. 2001. The Native Tourist. Mass Tourism within Developing Countries. London: Earthscan.
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Harms, Erik. 2011. Saigon’s Edge. On the Margins of Ho Chi Minh City. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Hewison, Kevin. 2000. “Resisting Globalization: A Study of Localism in Thailand.” Th e Pacific Review 13 (2): 279-296.
Iwabuchi, Koichi. 2002. “Nostalgia for a (Different) Asian Modernity: Media Consumption of ‘Asia’ in Japan.” Positions 10 (3): 547-573.
Kaosa-ard, Mingsarn, David Bezic, and Suzanne White. 2001. “Domestic Tourism in Thailand: Supply and Demand.” In: The Native Tourist. Mass Tourism within Developing Countries, edited by Krishna B. Ghimire, 109–141. London: Earthscan.
Kortländer, Kristina. 2000. Das Land des Lächelns: Thailand als Mythos in Reisekatalogen [Land of Smile: Thailand as Myth in Travel Catalogs]. Münster: Lit.
Keyes, Charles F. 2012. “’Cosmopolitan’ Villagers and Populist Democracy.” South East Asia Research 20 (3): 343–360.
Keyes, Charles F. 2014. Finding Their Voice: Northeastern Villagers and the Thai State. Chiang Mai: Silkworm Books.
King, Victor T. and Michael Parnwell. 2011. “World Heritage Sites and Domestic Tourism in Thailand: Social Change and Management Implications.” South East Asia Research 19 (3): 381–420.
Leite, Graburn and Nelson Graburn. 2009. “Anthropological Interventions in Tourism Studies.” In The Sage Handbook of Tourism Studies edited by Jamal, Tazim and Mike Robinson, 35-64. Los Angeles: Sage.
Lefevre, Amy Sawitta. 2015. “Thais Smile Th rough Gritted Teeth for China’s Tourists.” Reuters, March 27, http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/03/27/ us-thailand-china-tourism-idUSKBN0MM0FK20150327
Lunda, Viviene. 2014. “Cultural Tourism: A Regional Development Impetus in the Isaan, Thailand?” In Southeast Asian Mobility Transitions. Issues and Trends in Migration and Tourism, edited by Karl Husa, Alexander Trupp, and Helmut Wohlschlägl, 404–425. Vienna: Dep. of Geography and Regional Research Univ. of Vienna.
MacCannell, Dean. 1999 [1976]. The Tourist: A New Theory of the Leisure Class. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Maoz, Darya. 2006. “The Mutual Gaze.” Annals of Tourism Research 33 (1): 221–239. Accessed March 26, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j. annals.2005.10.010
Mills, Mary B. 1997. “Contesting the Margins of Modernity. Women, Migration, and Consumption in Thailand.” American Ethnologist 24 (1): 37–61.
Mills, Mary B. 1999. Thai Women in the Global Labor Force: Consuming Desires, Contested Selves. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
Mills, Mary B. 2012. “Thai Mobilities and Cultural Citizenship.” Critical Asian Studies 44 (1): 85-112. Accessed March 26, 2017. http://dx.doi. org/10.1080/14672715.2012.644888
Morrison, Ian A. 2013. “Th e Thai Host Gaze: Alterity and the Governance of Visitors in Thailand.“ In: The Host Gaze in Global Tourism, edited by Omar Moufakkir and Yvette Reisinger , 33-45. Wallingford: CAB Internat.
Pasuk Phongpaichit and Chris Baker, eds. 2013. Essays on Thailand’s Economy and Society for Professor Chatthip Nartsupha at 72. Bangkok: Sangsan.
Pattana Kitiarsa. 2010. “An Ambiguous Intimacy: Farang as Siamese Occidentalism.” In: The Ambiguous Allure of the West: Traces of the Colonial in Thailand, edited by Rachel Harrison and Peter A. Jackson, 57-74. Hong Kong [u.a.] Hong Kong Univ. Press.
Peleggi, Maurizio. 1996. “National Heritage and Global Tourism in Thailand.” Annals of Tourism Research 23 (2): 432–448.
Peleggi, Maurizio. 2002. The Politics of Ruins and the Business of Nostalgia. Bangkok: White Lotus.
Ploysri Porananond and Victor T. King, eds. 2014. Rethinking Asian Tourism: Culture, Encounters and Local Response. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publ.
Reynolds, Craig J. 2013. “Chatthip Nartsupha, His Critics, and More Criticism.” In: Essays on Thailand’s Economy and Society for Professor Chatthip Nartsupha at 72, edited by Pasuk Phongpaichit and Chris Baker, 1-22. Bangkok: Sangsan.
Rigg, Jonathan and Mark Ritchie. 2002. “Production, Consumption and Imagination in Rural Thailand.” Journal of Rural Studies 18 (4): 359–372.
Singh, Shalini. 2009a. Domestic Tourism in Asia: Diversity and Divergence. London, Sterling, VA: Earthscan.
Singh, Shalini. 2009b. “Domestic Tourism: Searching for an Asianic Perspective.” In: Domestic Tourism in Asia: Diversity and Divergence, edited by Shalini Singh, 1–30. London, Sterling, VA: Earthscan.
Sopranzetti, Claudio. 2012. “Burning Red Desires. Isan Migrants and the Politics of Desire in Contemporary Thailand.” South East Asia Research 20 (3): 361–379.
Tambiah, S.J. 1976. World Conqueror and World Renouncer. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Thompson, Eric C., Tim Bunnell, and D. Parthasarathy, eds. 2013. “Introduction: Place, Society and Politics Across Urban and Rural Asia.” In: Connection and Conflict in Rural, Urban and Contemporary Asia edited by Tim Bunnell, Parthasarathy, D., and Eric C. Thompson, 1-11. Dordrecht: Springer.
Thongchai Winichakul. 1994. Siam Mapped: A History of the Geo-body of a Nation. Chiang Mai: Silkworm Books.
Thongchai Winichakul. 1995. “The Changing Landscape of the Past: New Histories in Thailand Since 1973.” Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 26 (1): 99–120.
Thongchai Winichakul. 2000. “Th e Quest for ‘Siwilai’: A Geographical Discourse of Civilizational Thinking in the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth-Century Siam.” The Journal of Asian Studies 59 (3): 528–549.
Tourism Authority of Thailand (TAT). 2011. “TAT Finalises Market Action Plan 2012, Target 19 Million Visitors in 2012.” http://www.tatnews.org/ media-release /18-media- releases-2011/241-tat-finalises-market-actionplan-2012/
Tourism Authority of Thailand (TAT). 2012. “Highlights of the Tourism Authority of Thailand Action Plan 2013. http://www.tatnews.org/mediarelease/8-media-releases-2012/327-highlights-of-the-tat-action-plan-2013 Tourism Authority of Thailand (TAT). 2013. “TAT Unveils Marketing Action Plan 2014. Accessed August, 05 2015. http://www.tatnews.org/ tat-unveils-marketing-action-plan-2014/
Tourism Authority of Thailand (TAT). 2016. “Thailand Strengthens its Quality Leisure Destination Appeal Through New Amazing Thailand Logo.” Accessed March 26, 2017. http://www.tatnews.org/thailandstrengthens-its-quality-leisure-destination-appeal-through-new-amazingthailand-logo/
Tourism Authority of Thailand (TAT). 2017. “Thailand’s Strategy to Target High Quality Tourists Pays Off . Accessed March 9, 2017. http://www. tatnews.org/thailands-strategy-target-high-quality-tourists-pays-off /
Tourism Authority of Thailand (TAT). n.d. “History.” Accessed March 26, 2017. http://www.tatnews.org/history/ Urry, John. 2002. The Tourist Gaze: Leisure and Travel in Contemporary Societies. London: Sage.
Vorng, Sophorntavy. 2017. A Meeting of Masks. Status, Power and Hierarchy in Bangkok. Copenhagen: Nordic Institute of Asian Studies.
Walker, Andrew. 2010. “Royal Sufficiency and Elite Misrepresentation of Rural Livelihoods.” In: Saying the Unsayable. Monarchy and Democracy in Thailand, edited by Søren Ivarsson and Lotte Isager, 241-265. Copenhagen: NIAS Press.
Winter, Tim. 2007. “Rethinking Tourism in Asia.” Annals of Tourism Research 34 (1): 27–44.
Winter, Tim. 2009. “Conclusion: Recasting Tourism Theory Towards an Asian Future.” In Asia on Tour: Exploring the Rise of Asian Tourism, edited by Tim Winter, Peggy Teo, and T. C. Chang, 315–325. London: Routledge.
Winter, Tim, Peggy Teo, and T.C. Chang, eds. 2009a. Asia on Tour. Exploring the Rise of Asian Tourism. London: Routledge.
Winter, Tim, Peggy Teo, and T.C. Chang, eds. 2009b. “Introduction: Rethinking Tourism in Asia.” In: Asia on Tour. Exploring the Rise of Asian Tourism, edited by Tim Winter, Peggy Teo, and T. C. Chang, 1–18. London: Routledge.
Alneng, Victor. 2002. “Th e Modern does not Cater for Natives: Travel Ethnography and the Conventions of Form. “Tourist Studies 2 (2): 119–142.
Aramberri, Julio. 2004. “Editorial: Domestic Tourism in Asia: Some Ruffle and Flourish for a Neglected Relation.” Tourism Recreation Research 29 (2): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2004.11081439
Austin, James. 2015a. “Thailand Doesn’t Have a Chinese Tourist Problem: The Problem is Resentment, and Racism.” Accessed August 5, 2015. http://asiancorrespondent.com/ 131624/thailand-doesnt-have-a-chinesetourist-problem-the-problem-is-resentment-and-racism/
Austin, James. 2015b. “Thailand’s Uneasy Reliance on Chinese Tourists Just Keeps Getting Bigger.” Accessed August, 5, 2015. http://asiancorrespondent.com/133675/thailands-uneasy-reliance-on-chinese-tourism-justkeeps-getting-bigger/
Baker, Chris and Pasuk Phongpaichit. 2014. A History of Thailand. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press.
Berliner, David. 2012. “Multiple Nostalgias. Th e Fabric of Heritage in Luang Prabang (Lao PDR).” The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 18 (4): 769–786. Accessed March 26, 2017.10.1111/j.14679655.2012.01791.x
Chan, Yuk Wah. 2006. “Coming of Age of the Chinese Tourists: The Emergence of Non-western Tourism and Host-guest Interactions in Vietnam’s Border Tourism.” Tourist Studies 6 (3): 187–213.
Chan, Yuk Wah. 2009. “Disorganized Tourism Space: Chinese Tourists in an Age of Asian Tourism.” In: Asia on Tour. Exploring the Rise of Asian Tourism, edited by Tim Winter, Peggy Teo and T. C. Chang, 67-77. London: Routledge.
Chatthip Nartsupha. 1999 [1984]. Th e Thai Village Economy in the Past. Translated by Chris Baker and Pasuk Phongpaichit. Chiang Mai: Silkworm Books.
Cohen, Erik. 1996. Thai Tourism. Hill Tribes, Islands and Open-ended Prostitution. Bangkok: White Lotus.
Cohen, Erik. 2001. “Thailand in Touristic Transition.” In: Interconnected Worlds: Tourism in Southeast Asia, edited by Peggy Teo, T.C. Chang, and K.C. Ho, 155-175. Oxford [u.a]: Elsevier Science.
Cohen, Erik. 2014a. “The Permutations of Thai Tourism.” In: Southeast Asian Mobility Transitions: Issues and Trends in Migration and Tourism, edited by Karl Husa, Alexander Trupp, and Helmut Wohlschlägl, 237–261. Vienna: Dept. of Geography and Regional Research Univ. of Vienna.
Cohen, Erik. 2014b. “Heritage Tourism in Thai Urban Communities.” Tourism, Culture & Communication 14 (1): 1–15. https://doi.org/10.372 7/109830414X14038917832789
Cohen, Erik, and Cohen Scott A. .2015. “Beyond Eurocentrism in Tourism: A Paradigm Shift to Mobilities.” Tourism Recreation Research 40 (2): 157–168. Accessed March 26, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/025082 81.2015.1039331
Creighton, Millie. 1997. “Consuming Rural Japan: Th e Marketing of Tradition and Nostalgia in the Japanese Travel Industry.” Ethnology 36 (3): 239-254.
Elinoff , Eli. 2014. “Smouldering Aspirations. Burning Buildings and the Politics of Belonging in Contemporary Isan.” South East Asia Research 20 (3): 381–397.
Evrard, Olivier and Prasit Leepreecha. 2009. “Staging the Nation, Exploring the Margins: Domestic Tourism and Its Political Implications in Northern Thailand. In: Asia on Tour: Exploring the Rise of Asian Tourism, edited by Tim Winter, Peggy Teo, and T.C. Chang, 239–252. London: Routledge.
Franklin, Adrian and Mike Crang. 2001. “The Trouble with Tourism and Travel Theory.” Tourist Studies 1 (1): 5–22.
Ghimire, Krishna B., ed. 2001. The Native Tourist. Mass Tourism within Developing Countries. London: Earthscan.
Graburn, Nelson H. H. 1995. “The Past in the Present in Japan: Nostalgia and Neo-traditionalism in Contemporary Japanese Domestic Tourism.” In: Change in Tourism: People, Places, Processes, edited by Richard Butler and Douglas Pearce, 47-70. London: Routledge.
Harms, Erik. 2011. Saigon’s Edge. On the Margins of Ho Chi Minh City. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Hewison, Kevin. 2000. “Resisting Globalization: A Study of Localism in Thailand.” Th e Pacific Review 13 (2): 279-296.
Iwabuchi, Koichi. 2002. “Nostalgia for a (Different) Asian Modernity: Media Consumption of ‘Asia’ in Japan.” Positions 10 (3): 547-573.
Kaosa-ard, Mingsarn, David Bezic, and Suzanne White. 2001. “Domestic Tourism in Thailand: Supply and Demand.” In: The Native Tourist. Mass Tourism within Developing Countries, edited by Krishna B. Ghimire, 109–141. London: Earthscan.
Kortländer, Kristina. 2000. Das Land des Lächelns: Thailand als Mythos in Reisekatalogen [Land of Smile: Thailand as Myth in Travel Catalogs]. Münster: Lit.
Keyes, Charles F. 2012. “’Cosmopolitan’ Villagers and Populist Democracy.” South East Asia Research 20 (3): 343–360.
Keyes, Charles F. 2014. Finding Their Voice: Northeastern Villagers and the Thai State. Chiang Mai: Silkworm Books.
King, Victor T. and Michael Parnwell. 2011. “World Heritage Sites and Domestic Tourism in Thailand: Social Change and Management Implications.” South East Asia Research 19 (3): 381–420.
Leite, Graburn and Nelson Graburn. 2009. “Anthropological Interventions in Tourism Studies.” In The Sage Handbook of Tourism Studies edited by Jamal, Tazim and Mike Robinson, 35-64. Los Angeles: Sage.
Lefevre, Amy Sawitta. 2015. “Thais Smile Th rough Gritted Teeth for China’s Tourists.” Reuters, March 27, http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/03/27/ us-thailand-china-tourism-idUSKBN0MM0FK20150327
Lunda, Viviene. 2014. “Cultural Tourism: A Regional Development Impetus in the Isaan, Thailand?” In Southeast Asian Mobility Transitions. Issues and Trends in Migration and Tourism, edited by Karl Husa, Alexander Trupp, and Helmut Wohlschlägl, 404–425. Vienna: Dep. of Geography and Regional Research Univ. of Vienna.
MacCannell, Dean. 1999 [1976]. The Tourist: A New Theory of the Leisure Class. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Maoz, Darya. 2006. “The Mutual Gaze.” Annals of Tourism Research 33 (1): 221–239. Accessed March 26, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j. annals.2005.10.010
Mills, Mary B. 1997. “Contesting the Margins of Modernity. Women, Migration, and Consumption in Thailand.” American Ethnologist 24 (1): 37–61.
Mills, Mary B. 1999. Thai Women in the Global Labor Force: Consuming Desires, Contested Selves. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
Mills, Mary B. 2012. “Thai Mobilities and Cultural Citizenship.” Critical Asian Studies 44 (1): 85-112. Accessed March 26, 2017. http://dx.doi. org/10.1080/14672715.2012.644888
Morrison, Ian A. 2013. “Th e Thai Host Gaze: Alterity and the Governance of Visitors in Thailand.“ In: The Host Gaze in Global Tourism, edited by Omar Moufakkir and Yvette Reisinger , 33-45. Wallingford: CAB Internat.
Pasuk Phongpaichit and Chris Baker, eds. 2013. Essays on Thailand’s Economy and Society for Professor Chatthip Nartsupha at 72. Bangkok: Sangsan.
Pattana Kitiarsa. 2010. “An Ambiguous Intimacy: Farang as Siamese Occidentalism.” In: The Ambiguous Allure of the West: Traces of the Colonial in Thailand, edited by Rachel Harrison and Peter A. Jackson, 57-74. Hong Kong [u.a.] Hong Kong Univ. Press.
Peleggi, Maurizio. 1996. “National Heritage and Global Tourism in Thailand.” Annals of Tourism Research 23 (2): 432–448.
Peleggi, Maurizio. 2002. The Politics of Ruins and the Business of Nostalgia. Bangkok: White Lotus.
Ploysri Porananond and Victor T. King, eds. 2014. Rethinking Asian Tourism: Culture, Encounters and Local Response. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publ.
Reynolds, Craig J. 2013. “Chatthip Nartsupha, His Critics, and More Criticism.” In: Essays on Thailand’s Economy and Society for Professor Chatthip Nartsupha at 72, edited by Pasuk Phongpaichit and Chris Baker, 1-22. Bangkok: Sangsan.
Rigg, Jonathan and Mark Ritchie. 2002. “Production, Consumption and Imagination in Rural Thailand.” Journal of Rural Studies 18 (4): 359–372.
Singh, Shalini. 2009a. Domestic Tourism in Asia: Diversity and Divergence. London, Sterling, VA: Earthscan.
Singh, Shalini. 2009b. “Domestic Tourism: Searching for an Asianic Perspective.” In: Domestic Tourism in Asia: Diversity and Divergence, edited by Shalini Singh, 1–30. London, Sterling, VA: Earthscan.
Sopranzetti, Claudio. 2012. “Burning Red Desires. Isan Migrants and the Politics of Desire in Contemporary Thailand.” South East Asia Research 20 (3): 361–379.
Tambiah, S.J. 1976. World Conqueror and World Renouncer. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Thompson, Eric C., Tim Bunnell, and D. Parthasarathy, eds. 2013. “Introduction: Place, Society and Politics Across Urban and Rural Asia.” In: Connection and Conflict in Rural, Urban and Contemporary Asia edited by Tim Bunnell, Parthasarathy, D., and Eric C. Thompson, 1-11. Dordrecht: Springer.
Thongchai Winichakul. 1994. Siam Mapped: A History of the Geo-body of a Nation. Chiang Mai: Silkworm Books.
Thongchai Winichakul. 1995. “The Changing Landscape of the Past: New Histories in Thailand Since 1973.” Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 26 (1): 99–120.
Thongchai Winichakul. 2000. “Th e Quest for ‘Siwilai’: A Geographical Discourse of Civilizational Thinking in the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth-Century Siam.” The Journal of Asian Studies 59 (3): 528–549.
Tourism Authority of Thailand (TAT). 2011. “TAT Finalises Market Action Plan 2012, Target 19 Million Visitors in 2012.” http://www.tatnews.org/ media-release /18-media- releases-2011/241-tat-finalises-market-actionplan-2012/
Tourism Authority of Thailand (TAT). 2012. “Highlights of the Tourism Authority of Thailand Action Plan 2013. http://www.tatnews.org/mediarelease/8-media-releases-2012/327-highlights-of-the-tat-action-plan-2013 Tourism Authority of Thailand (TAT). 2013. “TAT Unveils Marketing Action Plan 2014. Accessed August, 05 2015. http://www.tatnews.org/ tat-unveils-marketing-action-plan-2014/
Tourism Authority of Thailand (TAT). 2016. “Thailand Strengthens its Quality Leisure Destination Appeal Through New Amazing Thailand Logo.” Accessed March 26, 2017. http://www.tatnews.org/thailandstrengthens-its-quality-leisure-destination-appeal-through-new-amazingthailand-logo/
Tourism Authority of Thailand (TAT). 2017. “Thailand’s Strategy to Target High Quality Tourists Pays Off . Accessed March 9, 2017. http://www. tatnews.org/thailands-strategy-target-high-quality-tourists-pays-off /
Tourism Authority of Thailand (TAT). n.d. “History.” Accessed March 26, 2017. http://www.tatnews.org/history/ Urry, John. 2002. The Tourist Gaze: Leisure and Travel in Contemporary Societies. London: Sage.
Vorng, Sophorntavy. 2017. A Meeting of Masks. Status, Power and Hierarchy in Bangkok. Copenhagen: Nordic Institute of Asian Studies.
Walker, Andrew. 2010. “Royal Sufficiency and Elite Misrepresentation of Rural Livelihoods.” In: Saying the Unsayable. Monarchy and Democracy in Thailand, edited by Søren Ivarsson and Lotte Isager, 241-265. Copenhagen: NIAS Press.
Winter, Tim. 2007. “Rethinking Tourism in Asia.” Annals of Tourism Research 34 (1): 27–44.
Winter, Tim. 2009. “Conclusion: Recasting Tourism Theory Towards an Asian Future.” In Asia on Tour: Exploring the Rise of Asian Tourism, edited by Tim Winter, Peggy Teo, and T. C. Chang, 315–325. London: Routledge.
Winter, Tim, Peggy Teo, and T.C. Chang, eds. 2009a. Asia on Tour. Exploring the Rise of Asian Tourism. London: Routledge.
Winter, Tim, Peggy Teo, and T.C. Chang, eds. 2009b. “Introduction: Rethinking Tourism in Asia.” In: Asia on Tour. Exploring the Rise of Asian Tourism, edited by Tim Winter, Peggy Teo, and T. C. Chang, 1–18. London: Routledge.
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2017-06-30
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Günther ่่jelka. 2017. “Encountering the New ‘Other’: Domestic Tourism in Thailand”. ASIAN REVIEW 30 (1):67-85. https://so01.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/arv/article/view/226276.
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