Literature in transmigration: The Rama story in Southeast Asia
Keywords:
Literature in transmigration, The Rama story in Southeast Asia, The Rama storyAbstract
The story of Rama, known as Ramayana in the Indian subcontinent where it originated, has migrated and spread to nearly every culture and society in Asia. In each place the story has been introduced, it has been adopted, adapted and absorbed into the local culture. Given the universal themes in the tale, the basic outline of the story has shown a remarkable flexibility to be able to sustain change and adaption, both in interpretation and interpolation. This article examines and compares the presence of the Rama story in various cultures and societies of Southeast Asia, showing how the tradition has moved and been shared from one locality to another and, therefore, has the ability to serve as a cultural peace ambassador promoting mutual understanding among the people of this region.
References
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Hooykaas, Christiaan. 1958. The Old-Javanese Rāmāyana, An Exemplary Kakawin as to Form and Content. Amsterdam: N.V. Noord-Hollandsche Uitgevers Maatschappij.
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Sahai, Sachchidanand. 1976. Ramayana in Laos, A Study in the Gvāy Dvóṟabhī. Delhi: B.R. Publishing.
Sahai, Sachchidanand. 1996. The Rama Jataka in Laos, A Study of Phra Lak Phra Lam, Volume 1 and Volume 2. Delhi: D.K. Publishers.
Saran, Malini and Vinod C. Khanna. 2004. The Ramayana in Indonesia. Delhi: Ravi Dayal.
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Shellabear, W. G. 1917. “Hikayat Sri Rama, Introduction to the Text of the M.S. in the Bodleian Library at Oxford.” Journal of Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, No. 70: 181-207.
Singaravelu, S. 2003. “The Literary Version of the Rama Story in Malay.” In Asian Variations in Ramayana, edited by Srinivasa K.R. Iyengar, 276-295. New Delhi: Sahitya Akademi.
Singaravelu, S. 1981. “The Rāma Story in the Malay Tradition.” Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 54(2) (240): 131-147.
Thitathan, Siraporn. 1979. “Ramakien: A Study In Tale Transmission.” Master’s Thesis, Chulalongkorn University. [In Thai].
Swami Satyananda Puri. 1998. The Ramakirti: Th e Thai Version of the Ramayana. Bangkok: Thammasat University.
“The Inscription of King Ramkamhaeng the Great.” 1984. Bangkok: Chulalongkorn University.
Thein Han, U, and U Khin Zaw. 1976. “Ramayana in Burmese Literature and Arts.” Journal of the Burma Research Society 59 (I & II): 137-154. TMK, Dr. n.d. Thiri Rama. n.p.
U Tthaw Kaung. 2002. “Th e Ramayana Drama in Myanmar.” Journal of Siam Society 90: 137-148.
Winstedt, R. O. 1944. “An Undescribed Malay Version of the Ramayana.” Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland (1): 62-73.
Wyatt, David K. 1982. “The ‘Subtle Revolution’ of King Rama I of Siam.” In Moral Order and the Question of Change: Essays on Southeast Asian Thought, 9-52. New Haven: Southeast Asia Studies, Yale University.
Barrett, E.C.G. 1963. “Further Light on Sir Richard Winstedt’s ‘Undescribed Malay Version of the Ramayana’.” Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 26(3532): 531-543.
Bhatti. Oliver Fallon, trans. 2009. Bhatti’s Poem: The Death of Rávana. New York: New York University Press and JJC Foundation.
Bizot, François. 2003. “The Reamker.” In Asian Variations in Ramayana, edited by Srinivasa K.R. Iyengar, 263-275. New Delhi: Sahitya Akademi.
Brockington, John L. 1984. Righteous Rama, the Evolution of an Epic. Delhi: Oxford University Press.
Cadet, J.M. 1982. The Ramakien, The Thai Epic. Chiang Mai: Browne International. Chandra, Lokesh. “Rāmāyaṇa, The Epic of Asia.” In The Ramayana Tradition in Asia, edited by V. Raghavan, 648-652. New Delhi: Sahitya Akademi.
Dhani Nivat, Prince. 1974. Collection of Writing of Prince Dhani Nivat. Printed for distribution at the cremation of Prince Dhani Nivat at Wat Thepsirin on Sunday, 15 December 1974. [In Thai and English].
Dhani Nivat, Prince. 1941. “Review of Books – The Ramakirti.” Journal of Siam Society 33(2): 169-175.
Dhani Nivat, Prince. 1946. “Th e Rama Jataka, A Lao Version of the Story of Rama.” Journal of Siam Society 36(1): 1-22.
Filliozat, Jean. 2003. “The Ramayana in South-east Asian Sanskrit Epigraphy and Iconography.” In Asian Variations in Ramayana, edited by Srinivasa K.R. Iyengar, 192-205. New Delhi: Sahitya Akademi.
Francisco, Juan R. 1969. “Maharadia Lawana.” Asian Studies (3) 2, 188: 186-249.
Francisco, Juan R. 1998. “The Ramayana in the Philippines.” In The Ramayana Tradition in Asia, edited by V. Raghavan, 155-177. New Delhi: Sahitya Akademi.
“Hikayat Sri Rama (in Malayu Script).” 1915. Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society (71): 1-285. [In Malayu].
Hooykaas, Christiaan. 1958. The Old-Javanese Rāmāyana, An Exemplary Kakawin as to Form and Content. Amsterdam: N.V. Noord-Hollandsche Uitgevers Maatschappij.
Hussein, Ismail. 1998. “Ramayana in Malaysia.” In The Ramayana Tradition in Asia, edited by V. Raghavan, 142-154. New Delhi: Sahitya Akademi.
Jacob, Judith M., trans. 2006. Reamker (Ramakerti), The Cambodian version of the Ramayana. London: Routledge.
Kam, Garrett. 2000. Ramayana in the Arts of Asia. Singapore: Select Books.
Kamala Ratnam. 1998. “The Ramayana in Laos.” In The Ramayana Tradition in Asia, edited by V. Raghavan, 142-154. New Delhi: Sahitya Akademi.
Marrison, Geoffrey E. 1985. “The Chams and Their Literature.” Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 58(2): 45-70.
Maung, Htin Aung 1937. Burmese Drama: A Study, with translations of Burmese Plays. London: Oxford University Press.
Mohamed, Noriah. 1997. “The Malay Influence on Hikayat Seri Rama.” In Ramayana Around the World, edited by Lallan Prasad Vyas, 169-181. Delhi: B.R. Publishing.
Ohno Toru. 1997. “Burmese, Laotian and Yunnan Versions of Rama Story.” In Ramayana Around the World, edited by Lallan Prasad Vyas, 31-48. Delhi: B.R. Publishing.
Ohno Toru. 2000. Burmese Ramayana. Delhi: B.R. Publishing.
Pou, Saveros. 1986. “Rāmakerti – the Khmer (or Cambodian) Rāmāyaṇa.” In Sanskrit and World Cultures, SCHR.OR. 18, S. 203-211.
Pou, Saveros. 2003. “Ramakertian Studies.” In Asian Variations in Ramayana, edited by Srinivasa K.R. Iyengar, 252-262. New Delhi: Sahitya Akademi.
Pou, Saveros. 1977. Rāmakerti (XVI ̊ - XVII ̊ siècles). Paris: École françoise d’Extrême-Orient, Vol. CX.
Pou, Saveros. 1982. Rāmakerti II. Paris: École françoise d’Extrême-Orient, Vol. CXXXII.
Rama I, King. 1997. Ramakien by King Rama I, Volumes 1-4. Bangkok: Fine Arts Dept. [In Thai].
Rama II, King. 2001. Ramakien by King Rama II and Origin of Ramakien by King Rama VI. Bangkok: Sinlapabannakhan. [In Thai].
Roveda, Vittorio. 2005. Images of the Gods. Bangkok: River Books. Roveda, Vittorio, and Sothon Yem. 2009. Buddhist Painting in Cambodia. Bangkok: River Books.
Sahai, Sachchidanand. 2003. “Indo-Chinese Geography as Described in the Phra Lak Phra Lam: A Laotian Version of the Ramayana.” In Asian Variations in Ramayana, edited by Srinivasa K.R. Iyengar, 221-229. New Delhi: Sahitya Akademi.
Sahai, Sachchidanand. 1976. Ramayana in Laos, A Study in the Gvāy Dvóṟabhī. Delhi: B.R. Publishing.
Sahai, Sachchidanand. 1996. The Rama Jataka in Laos, A Study of Phra Lak Phra Lam, Volume 1 and Volume 2. Delhi: D.K. Publishers.
Saran, Malini and Vinod C. Khanna. 2004. The Ramayana in Indonesia. Delhi: Ravi Dayal.
Sarkar, Himansu Bhusan. 1998. “The Migration of the Rāmāyaṇa Story to Indonesia and Some Problems Connected with the Structure and Contents of the Old Javanese Rāmāyaṇa.” In The Ramayana Tradition in Asia, edited by V. Raghavan, 101-121. New Delhi: Sahitya Akademi.
Sarkar, Himansu Bhusan. 2003. “The Ramayana in South-east Asia: A General Survey.” In Asian Variations in Ramayana, edited by Srinivasa K.R. Iyengar, 206-220. New Delhi: Sahitya Akademi.
Sathien Koset. (Phya Anuman Rajadhon). 2007. Upakon Ramakien. Bangkok: Siam. [In Thai].
Sharan, M.K. 1974. Studies in Sanskrit Inscriptions of Ancient Cambodia. New Delhi: Shakti Malik Abhnav Publications.
Shellabear, W. G. 1917. “Hikayat Sri Rama, Introduction to the Text of the M.S. in the Bodleian Library at Oxford.” Journal of Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, No. 70: 181-207.
Singaravelu, S. 2003. “The Literary Version of the Rama Story in Malay.” In Asian Variations in Ramayana, edited by Srinivasa K.R. Iyengar, 276-295. New Delhi: Sahitya Akademi.
Singaravelu, S. 1981. “The Rāma Story in the Malay Tradition.” Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 54(2) (240): 131-147.
Thitathan, Siraporn. 1979. “Ramakien: A Study In Tale Transmission.” Master’s Thesis, Chulalongkorn University. [In Thai].
Swami Satyananda Puri. 1998. The Ramakirti: Th e Thai Version of the Ramayana. Bangkok: Thammasat University.
“The Inscription of King Ramkamhaeng the Great.” 1984. Bangkok: Chulalongkorn University.
Thein Han, U, and U Khin Zaw. 1976. “Ramayana in Burmese Literature and Arts.” Journal of the Burma Research Society 59 (I & II): 137-154. TMK, Dr. n.d. Thiri Rama. n.p.
U Tthaw Kaung. 2002. “Th e Ramayana Drama in Myanmar.” Journal of Siam Society 90: 137-148.
Winstedt, R. O. 1944. “An Undescribed Malay Version of the Ramayana.” Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland (1): 62-73.
Wyatt, David K. 1982. “The ‘Subtle Revolution’ of King Rama I of Siam.” In Moral Order and the Question of Change: Essays on Southeast Asian Thought, 9-52. New Haven: Southeast Asia Studies, Yale University.
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2017-06-30
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Goss, Frederick B. 2017. “Literature in Transmigration: The Rama Story in Southeast Asia”. ASIAN REVIEW 30 (1):78-107. https://so01.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/arv/article/view/226342.
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