ACADEMIC JOURNAL BANGKOKTHONBURI UNIVERSITY

The Causal Effect of Restaurant Ambient, Food Quality, Service Quality, and Customers Satisfaction towards Behavior Intention in Premium Japanese Restaurants in Bangkok

Pojarnee Latthiprasart, Napawan Kananurak — Tue, 26 May 2026 00:00:00 +0700

The restaurant business is considered one of the most important businesses to the service sector and has been growing rapidly, making the competition in this industry higher. Meanwhile, the trend of the Japanese food market and Japanese restaurants continues to grow amid intense competition in the restaurant market. The purpose of this study is to analyze the influence of restaurants ambient, food quality, and service quality on the customer satisfaction of Japanese restaurants’ consumers in Bangkok, which in turn will have an impact on behavior intention. The method used in this study is a quantitative approach, using a Likert Scale as a measurement method. Data analysis uses the structural equation modeling (SEM) method with LISREL 8.7. The population of this study is premium Japanese shabu restaurants’ consumers in Bangkok. Total sample that used in this research is 400 samples. The results of this study show significant and positive effects, both individually and simultaneously, between restaurants ambient, food quality, and service quality to customer satisfaction and its impact on repurchase intention. Outcome of study are valuable for entrepreneur restaurants and academicians interested in restaurant business research.

Carbon Tax Assessment and Low-Carbon Adaptation Strategies to Support the CBAM: A Case Study of Highway No. 33 along the Thailand–Cambodia Border, Sa Kaeo Province

Dussadee Mookda — Tue, 26 May 2026 00:00:00 +0700

This research aims to assess the carbon footprint of road freight transportation by truck groups and to evaluate carbon tax revenue from road freight transportation, as well as to propose adaptation strategies toward a low-carbon economy in response to the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM). The study is conducted as a case study of Highway No. 33 along the Thailand–Cambodia border in Sa Kaeo Province. The carbon footprint assessment adopts a Cradle-to-Gate or Business-to-Business (B2B) approach.

The results indicate that, at the survey point on Highway No. 33 (before Aranyaprathet District) in the direction toward the Aranyaprathet border checkpoint, the average daily carbon dioxide equivalent (CO₂-eq) emissions amount to 1,035,655. 15 kilograms of CO₂-eq. Meanwhile, at the survey point on the same highway (before Aranyaprathet District) in the direction toward Sa Kaeo Province, the average daily CO₂-eq emissions are higher, totaling 1,269,017.708 kilograms of CO₂-eq. Regarding the carbon tax assessment for freight trucks with six wheels or more at the survey point on Highway No. 33 in the direction toward Sa Kaeo Province, the findings reveal that carbon tax collection could generate up to 46.22 million baht in annual revenue for the government. Among all truck categories, ten-wheel trucks contribute the highest annual carbon tax payments, accounting for 38.81 percent of the total carbon tax revenue, equivalent to 17,939,750 baht. Although Thailand’s border trade businesses are not directly affected by the CBAM, as they do not export goods directly to the European Union, they are indirectly involved through regional supply chains. Therefore, improving transportation efficiency and applying green logistics concepts are considered appropriate strategies for adaptation toward a low-carbon economy in preparation for CBAM-related measures.

The Effects of Innovative Work Behavior and Its Antecedents on Perceived Employee's Performance of Civil Servants in the Ministry of Finance in Thailand

Photjanard Pholsri, Prayong Meechaisue , Norapol Chinuntdej — Wed, 27 May 2026 00:00:00 +0700

The objectives of this research were 1) to investigate the structural relationships of perceived organizational support (POS) on perceived self-efficacy (PSE), innovative work behavior (IWB), and perceived employee performance (PEP) of civil servants in the Ministry of Finance in Thailand; 2) to examine the structural relationships of PSE on IWB and PEP; and 3) to analyze the structural relationships of IWB on PEP. The study employed a Mixed Methods Research design with Exploratory Sequential Design. Qualitative data were collected through in-depth interviews with 12 key informants. Quantitative data were gathered via online questionnaires from 581 civil servants from 9 departments, selected using two-stage stratified random sampling proportional to population size. Data analysis employed descriptive statistics and Structural Equation Modeling

Findings revealed that: 1) POS had a statistically significant positive structural relationship with PSE and IWB but showed no significant direct structural relationship with PEP; 2) PSE had a significantly positive structural relationship with IWB , but no significant direct relationship with PEP; and 3) IWB demonstrated the strongest positive structural relationship with PEP. The key finding confirms that IWB serves as a Full Mediator between both antecedents and PEP, providing practical implications for human resource development policies in Thailand's public sector digital transformation.

Assessing the Maturity of Organizational Governance and Societal Contribution Processes in Thai Higher Education through EdPEx–ADLI Integration

Kawin MongMkolprapa — Wed, 27 May 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Many higher education institutions in Thailand continue to rely on fragmented or compliance-oriented evaluation mechanisms, which constrain the systematic development of organizational governance, societal contributions, and long-term organizational learning. This study analyzes the maturity of organizational governance and societal contribution processes in a Thai higher education institution through the integration of the Education Criteria for Performance Excellence (EdPEx) and the ADLI framework, consisting of Approach, Deployment, Learning, and Integration. The study employed qualitative document analysis based on EdPEx feedback reports from 2019–2024. Seven governance and societal contribution subcategories under EdPEx Category 1: ‍Leadership were examined.

The research findings revealed that institution has established relatively clear governance structures and approaches based on good governance principles, particularly in societal contribution initiatives. However, several processes still lack systematic approaches for monitoring and evaluating leadership performance, linking organizational performance with governance mechanisms, and strengthening community support and ethical behavior. In addition, the dimensions of Learning and Integration were found to be relatively low across several processes, reflecting governance and societal contribution systems that are structured but not yet fully refined. Advancing to higher levels of process maturity will require strengthening organizational learning capabilities and enhancing systemic integration to support sustainable strategic success in the long term.

The Influence of Digital Innovation on Enhancing the Competitive Capability of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs)

Fareeda Ma, Suthisa Rattanawicha, Somsong Naksrisang, Thanasak Sukijjakorn — Wed, 27 May 2026 00:00:00 +0700

This study aims to 1) To examine the level of digital innovation adoption among Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs). 2) To assess the level of competitive advantage within Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs). 3) To analyze the influence of digital innovation on the enhancement of competitive advantage in Small and Medium Enterprises. A quantitative research methodology was employed, utilizing path analysis to examine causal relationships based on data collected from SME employees. The research instrument was a structured questionnaire, whose content validity was verified by subject-matter experts using the Item-Objective Congruence (IOC) index. The reliability of the instrument was assessed through internal consistency analysis using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient.

The research findings indicate the following: 1) The respondents perceived the level of digital innovation implementation among SMEs to be high, both overall and across all individual dimensions. Ranking the dimensions by mean score in descending order yields: digital marketing, digital technology integration in management, digital product and service development, and information systems and data analytics. 2)‍ ‍The ‍measurement model for competitive advantage demonstrated a strong fit with both empirical data and theoretical frameworks. The standardized regression coefficients ranged from 0.592 to 0.880, while the coefficients of determination (R²) ranged from 0.350 to 0.774. These indices signify that the sub-constructs are highly appropriate and provide a robust, reliable measurement of the competitive advantage of SMEs. 3) Collectively, all digital innovation variables within the model explained 91% of the variance in the competitive advantage of SMEs (R² = 0.91). Digital innovation implementation-comprising digital technology integration in management, digital marketing, and information systems and data analytics-exerted a statistically significant, positive direct and indirect effect on the competitive advantage of SMEs. Ultimately, these findings demonstrate that digital innovation serves as a critical strategic factor. It acts as both a direct driver and an internal mediator that effectively enhances and elevates the competitive advantage of SMEs.

Cultural capital analysis on Nakhonpathom’s narrative as material for educational game design

Wed, 27 May 2026 00:00:00 +0700

This article synthesizes the findings from a pilot study as part of the research project titled " Board Game: Edutainment activity from Nakhonpathom’s cultural capital " The objectives of this study were: 1) to explore and compile the cultural capital categorized under narratives, legends, and local history of Nakhon Pathom Province; and 2) to examine the cultural capital embedded within the narratives, legends, and oral traditions of Nakhon Pathom Province in order to synthesize a conceptual framework for selecting and transforming data into game design. This qualitative research employed document analysis and fieldwork. A total of 40 cultural capital data samples were collected to experiment with cultural data management utilizing a pluralistic game design conceptual framework. The data were analyzed and transformed through a five-dimensional conceptual framework-comprising content, narrative potential, mechanics, communication, and ethics-in conjunction with a comparative analysis using radar charts. The findings revealed that the contents related to Phra Pathom Chedi possess the highest potential for game creation. Specifically, Cooperative Games, wherein all players must collaborate to defeat the game system rather than competing against one another, and Thematic Games, which emphasize intense storylines and immersive atmospheres such as adventure or investigative genres, offer suitable mechanical paradigms. These frameworks can serve as design materials for plot construction to seamlessly integrate learning experiences. Furthermore, to maximize the effectiveness of the creative process, further in-depth research is recommended on issues concerning the narratives of Phra Pathom Chedi, communication strategies through game illustrations, and philosophical studies related to play.

Development and Model Fit Validation of a Structural Equation Model of Knowledge, Understanding, and Application of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) among Students of Bangkokthonburi University

Chanaphorn Panyakanphon, Khajonsak Khanchai, Sophat Sopapimuk — Tue, 23 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0700

This study aimed to 1) develop a structural equation model of knowledge, understanding, and application of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) among students at Bangkokthonburi University, and 2) examine the goodness-of-fit of the proposed model with empirical data. The sample consisted of 500 students from Bangkokthonburi University, selected through an appropriate sampling method. The ‍research instrument was a 50-item questionnaire using a five-point Likert scale, covering three dimensions: knowledge, understanding, and SDG application. Data were analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling. The results indicated that the proposed model demonstrated a very good fit with the empirical data, with χ² = 83.90, df = 32, CFI = .998, TLI = .997, NFI = .996, IFI = .998, RMSEA = .057, and SRMR = .000. All observed indicators showed high standardized factor loadings and were statistically significant at the .001 level. The structural analysis further revealed that knowledge of the SDGs had a significant positive direct effect on application (β = 1.117, p < .001), whereas understanding did not have a significant direct effect on application (β ‍= ‍-‍0.117, p = .664). However, knowledge and understanding were found to be strongly and positively correlated at a statistically significant level. In conclusion, the developed structural equation model was appropriate and effectively explained the relationships among knowledge, understanding, and SDG application among Bangkokthonburi University students. Knowledge emerged as a key factor influencing practical application, underscoring the importance of strengthening SDG-related knowledge within higher education institutions.

Application of AI in the Development of Teaching and Learning of ‍Project Studies

Borvonsak Markpoon, Dararat Lobon, Panya Niyomthong, Thunyatorn Tungchitpornchai — Tue, 23 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0700

The objectives of this research were 1) to study the application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the teaching and learning of the Project Study course, 2) ‍to ‍determine student satisfaction with using AI as a tool for project development, and 3) to compare learning achievement between students who used AI and those who did not. The sample group consisted of 40 students from the Information Technology and Multimedia and Animation branches, Faculty of Science and Technology, Bangkok Thonburi University, enrolled in the second semester of the academic year 2023, selected via purposive sampling. Research instruments included a satisfaction questionnaire and focus group discussions. Data were analyzed using mean, standard deviation, and t-test.

The results indicated that students expressed a high level of satisfaction with the implementation of AI in their projects, particularly regarding the efficacy of AI assistance (Mean = 4.63) and the efficiency of information retrieval and article summarization (Mean = 4.80). Furthermore, students who used AI demonstrated significantly higher learning achievement compared to those who did not. Integrating AI with Competency-based Learning (CBL) significantly enhanced students' comprehension, provided access to diverse information sources, and minimized content preparation time. Consequently, this pedagogical approach demonstrated superior efficiency in project development compared to traditional instructional methods.

Comparison of Learning Achievement between Traditional Learning and Active Learning in Using Generative AI for Design

Sat, 27 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0700

The objectives of this research were to: 1) investigate the problems and satisfaction regarding the application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) for design; 2) compare learning achievements between a Traditional Learning group and an Active Learning group; and 3) compare design project assessment scores between instructor assessment and student self-assessment. The sample group consisted of 20 undergraduate students from the Information Technology and Multimedia Technology and Animation programs at Bangkokthonburi University. Research instruments included instructional video clips, a satisfaction questionnaire, and a project assessment form. Data were analyzed using mean, standard deviation, Independent Sample t-test, and Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test.

The research findings revealed that: 1) The most critical challenge in using AI for design was English language proficiency for writing prompts, followed by the complexity of AI functions. Learners reported a good level of satisfaction with AI usage, indicating that it reduced working time and simplified the design process. 2) ‍The learning achievement of the Active Learning group was significantly higher than that of the Traditional Learning group at the .05 level. 3) There was a statistically significant difference between instructor assessment scores and student self-assessment scores at the .05 level.

Creation of Ceramic Pottery Art Sculpture from Ubonratchathani local clay with the technique of Engobe and Sgraffito : Aesthetic Traces from the Farmer's Way of Life

Khatawut Julatum — Sat, 27 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0700

The creation of vessel-shaped ceramic sculptures using local clay from Ubon Ratchathani, entitled "Traces of Aesthetics from the Farmer's Way of Life," aims to achieve the following objectives: 1) to create vessel-shaped ceramic sculptures (Pottery Art) that reflect the farmer's way of life, and 2) to produce artworks through ceramic processes using local Ubon Ratchathani clay, utilizing the Engobe technique combined with Sgraffito. The researcher was inspired by childhood memories of the simple agricultural lifestyle, harmonious coexistence with nature, the paddy field environment, and traditional farming tools. The research methodology involved documentary study and field data collection, which were synthesized to create 2D and 3D design sketches. These designs were utilized to express unique personal traces and aesthetics, reflecting childhood memories, joy, and the fulfillment of a farming life in harmony with nature. By integrating the forms of teapots and cups with the physical characteristics of animals and farming implements, three artworks of varying sizes were created. These pieces were crafted using local Ubon Ratchathani clay, with surface decorations applied using the Engobe technique and Sgraffito to reveal the original clay body, and finally fired at a temperature of 950 degrees Celsius.

Learning transformative of Master Education in Educational Administration at Bangkokthonburi University

Petcharat Heeminkool , Pharit Srirattanasakunsuk , Chanaphorn Panyakanphon — Sat, 27 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Thie research was Mixed Methods, Research was 1) to study learning transformative of Master Education in Educational Administration at Bangkok Thonburi University; and 2) to study Recommendations learning transformative of Master Education in Educational Administration at Bangkokthonburi University.

The population of this study consisted of students in the Master of Education Program in Educational Administration at Bangkokthonburi University in the 2025 academic year. (Purposive sampling) totaled 269 participants. The sample size was 158 determined using Krejci and Morgan table, The research instrument was a questionnaire constructed using a five-point Likert rating scale. The statistical used for data analysis included frequency distribution and percentage. The ‍development of transformative learning among Master of Education was analyzed using mean and standard deviation, and content analysis.

The research findings indicated 1) learning transformative of Master Education in Educational Administration at Bangkok was overall at a high level; and 2) Recommendations for enhancing transformative learning among Master of Education students include providing additional literature, academic documents, textbooks, and research studies to support further inquiry and to keep pace with diverse changes. Additionally, appropriate seating arrangements proportional to the number of students should be ensured. Adequate space for practical activities, sufficient equipment and technological support, and a stable and reliable internet connection should also be provided.

The Role of Innovation Management in Business Organizational Sustainability

Sat, 27 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0700

This research aims to: 1) To examine the role of innovation management in fostering corporate sustainability. 2) To conduct a comparative analysis of the effectiveness of innovation management practices on corporate sustainability. 3) To investigate the factors of innovation management that influence corporate sustainability. The statistical methods employed for data analysis include descriptive statistics, namely frequency distribution, percentages, mean, and standard deviation, which are utilized to characterize the sample group. Furthermore, inferential statistics are applied to test the relationships and influences between variables in accordance with the research hypotheses. Path analysis is conducted to determine the direct and indirect effects among the variables.

The research findings indicate the following: 1) Innovation management plays a crucial role and exerts a significant, direct positive influence on corporate sustainability. Specifically, it yields a direct positive effect on corporate sustainability (DE = 0.418) and demonstrates the highest direct positive relationship with corporate sustainability (DE = 0.594). This indicates that innovation management serves as a pivotal mechanism in driving organizations toward long-term sustainability. 2) ‍Regarding the performance and achievements across various dimensions of sustainability, the respondents expressed a high level of agreement or satisfaction across all aspects. When ranked by mean scores from highest to lowest, the performance in each dimension is ordered as follows: the economic dimension (Mean = 3.83), followed by the social dimension (Mean = 3.73), the environmental dimension (Mean = 3.73), and the corporate governance and transparency dimension (Mean = 3.73). 3) Multiple regression analysis revealed that the primary factors proven to significantly influence and contribute to corporate sustainability include: Direct Innovation Management Factors: These exert a direct positive effect on corporate sustainability (DE = 0.418* and DE = 0.594*). Total Quality Management (TQM) System: This serves as another vital supporting factor with a positive relationship, contributing both a direct effect (DE = 0.342*) and an indirect effect (IE = 0.247*) to corporate sustainability.

Integrating the cultural heritage of Harbin fish skin painting into contemporary cultural product design

Wang Yefei, pramet klangmuenwai, Chinnawat Prayoonrat — Sun, 28 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0700

This research aims to 1) study the fish skin painting culture of Harbin City, Heilongjiang Province, and its cultural capital components, and 2) analyze the integration of Harbin fish skin painting culture into contemporary cultural product design.

This research employs a qualitative research methodology, reviewing relevant research, books, articles, and documents on Harbin fish skin cultural capital. The focus is on analyzing its unique cultural meaning, exploring the status and integration approaches of cultural capital, the artistic characteristics and techniques of Harbin fish skin painting, and its cultural value. In-depth interviews were also conducted with seven experts in Harbin fish skin cultural heritage, including designers, cultural industry entrepreneurs, conservators, technologists, and traditional craftsmen, to analyze the integration of Harbin fish skin painting culture into contemporary cultural product design.

The research findings indicate that 1) Harbin fish skin painting is a valuable cultural heritage with unique cultural identity for Harbin City. Currently, it lacks design innovation and limited market acceptance for integration into contemporary product design, such as cultural understanding, focusing on digital technology, and brand storytelling. The aim is to provide theoretical and practical support for cultural heritage and promote the development of contemporary product design that is appropriate to the current social and market context; and 2) Harbin fish skin painting is a key element of the civilization of fishing and hunting, and the integration of culture with contemporary design, is shifting the paradigm from symbolic grafting to the unification of cultural capital. Decoding cultural meaning, symbols, rituals, and beliefs faces challenges, problems, and limitations, particularly when using artificial materials and machinery to replace craftsmanship. The use of digital technology aids in managing design, substitute materials, culture, and tourism, while preserving the unique cultural identity of Harbin's fish leather heritage.

Creative Educational Supervision to Enhance School Quality in Schools under the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration

Yuppadee Jarungklin, Nakan Tongsingha — Sun, 28 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0700

The objectives of this research were to: 1) study the level of creative educational supervision and the quality of schools under the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration; 2) ‍examine the relationship between creative educational supervision and school quality, as well as the components of creative educational supervision affecting school quality; and 3) ‍propose guidelines for creative educational supervision to enhance the quality of schools under the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration. This study employed a quantitative survey research design. The sample consisted of 209 schools under the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration, determined using Yamane’s formula at a .05 margin of error and selected through proportional stratified random sampling. Two informants were selected from each school: one school administrator or head of academic affairs and one teacher, totaling 418 ‍respondents. The research instrument was a five-point rating scale questionnaire. The index of item-objective congruence ranged from 0.67 to 1.00, and the overall reliability coefficient was 0.93. The statistics used for data analysis were frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, Pearson’s product-moment correlation coefficient, and multiple regression analysis.

The research findings revealed that: 1) the overall level of creative educational supervision in schools under the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration was high, with a mean of 4.18 and a standard deviation of 0.46, and the overall quality of schools under the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration was also high, with a mean of 4.20 and a standard deviation of 0.44; 2) creative educational supervision was positively correlated with school quality at a statistically significant level of .01, with a correlation coefficient of .78, and the components of creative educational supervision jointly predicted the quality of schools under the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration by 67.00 percent. The three strongest predictors were creative consultation and constructive feedback, followed by monitoring, evaluation, and reflection, and participatory supervision planning, respectively. The overall regression model was significant at the .01 level, while the technology and innovation component was significant at the .05 level; and 3) the guidelines for creative educational supervision should emphasize participatory supervision, creative consultation, collaboration, the use of technology, and continuous monitoring and reflection through the PARCT Model to sustainably enhance school quality.

Success factors and creative Economy in the achievement of restaurant entrepreneurship in Phuket province

Mon, 29 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0700

The purpose of this research is 1) to study the factors that influence the success of restaurant entrepreneur in Phuket province from the service users’ perspective, and 2) to study the creative economics that influence the success and success rate of being a restaurant entrepreneur in Phuket province. The sample group used in the research was 400 service users and 400 entrepreneurs. The non-probability sampling collected data by questionnaire. Statistics used to analyze the data included percentage values, averages, standard deviation values, multiple regression analysis, and Pearson correlation coefficient analysis.

The research findings indicate that: 1) Factors influencing entrepreneurial success, from the perspective of service users, are at a high level with an average score of ( = 3.90, S.D. = 0.742) The level of entrepreneurial success is also high, with an average score of ( = 3.58, S.D. = 1.247) 2) The creative economic principles that influence entrepreneurial success are highly valued by entrepreneurs, with an average score of ( = 3.90, S.D. = 0.546) The level of entrepreneurial success is also rated as high, with an average score of ( = 3.79, S.D. = 0.854). Hypothesis testing results, food and raw material quality, service and creativity factors have a statistically significant impact on the success rate of restaurant business in Phuket Province at the .05 level of significance Furthermore, the principle of the creative economy, the entrepreneur's perspective is related to the success of being a restaurant business in Phuket Province. It goes in a positive direction at a relatively high level, so accept the main assumption, showing that bringing the principle of the creative economy to manage the business will result in success, statistically significantly at the level of .01 level.

A Study of Stakeholder’s Perspectives on the English for International Communication Curriculum (International Program): Challenges and Opportunities for Curriculum Development

Worapon Toopmongkol, Preeyapha Wangmanee, Jutharat Jitpranee — Mon, 29 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0700

This study aimed to investigate stakeholders’ perspectives on the English for International Communication Program (International Program) and its preparation of students for real-world employment. This study employed a mixed-methods research design. The ‍population consisted of 144 stakeholders involved in curriculum development, including upper secondary school students, parents of upper secondary school students, current students, parents of current students, alumni, administrators, lecturers, and employers. The ‍participants were selected through purposive sampling. The ‍research instruments included an online questionnaire, semi-structured interviews, and relevant curriculum documents. Quantitative data were analyzed using mean and standard deviation, while qualitative data were analyzed through content analysis, categorization, and descriptive interpretation. Findings were systematically synthesized into a SWOT analysis matrix and further elucidated through qualitative descriptions. The ‍questionnaire results revealed that current students’ perspectives on the existing curriculum were highly positive ( = 3.83). Parents of current students also reported a high level of agreement ( = 4.07). Both upper secondary students and their parents indicated a high degree of consensus, with mean scores of 3.84 and 3.56, respectively. Employers of interns likewise demonstrated a high level of satisfaction ( = 4.07). Analysis of the interview results revealed that the core competencies of the curriculum stem from its strong integration of English language usage and its international perspective. The ‍weaknesses were related to the need to modernize course content and strengthen the connection between theoretical knowledge and practical application. The ‍opportunities involved the development of the curriculum toward a full implementation of outcome-based learning through the integration of digital technology and artificial intelligence. This development aims to produce graduates with the qualities of a SMART Person who can respond to labor market needs, particularly in terms of English language competency that leads to effective performance in real workplace contexts. The ‍challenges of the curriculum included labor market expectations, rapid technological changes, future work trends, and emerging definitions of future careers.