Governance Journal, Kalasin University

Annual Vocation under Thai Labour Protection Law: A Comparative Study of International and ASEAN Labour Standards

surasak meebua — 2025-11-18

Long-term work without breaks for employees might result in physical and psychological exhaustion. This is not only a risk factor for workplace accidents but also impacts the physical well-being and health of employees. Furthermore, it diminishes the productivity of employees for businesses. Consequently, annual vocation is organised for employees. This study has four aims: 1) To examine the fundamental principles of annual vocation; 2) To analyse the safeguarding of employees through annual vocation in compliance with international law. 3) Compare and analyse the safeguarding of annual vocation for employees in accordance with international law, ASEAN regulations, and Thai legislation. 4) Recommend enhancements and remedies to Thai labour protection legislation to ensure adequate safeguarding of employees' annual vocation rights. The study indicates that the Labour Protection Act of 1998, Section 30, Paragraph 1, only mandates six working days of annual vocation for employees who have worked for a year. This is less than what is required by the Paid Holidays (Amendment) Convention, 1970 (No. 132), which mandates that ratifying member states have to provide at least three weeks of annual vocation for employees who have worked for a year. The Labour Protection Act of 1998 also fails to comply with the regulations of other ASEAN nations, which mandate a higher annual vocation than Thai legislation. These nations also establish annual vocation in a flexible manner, increasing the vacation time based on the employee's seniority or length of employment. Certain countries enhance annual vocation according to the kind of employment, with hazardous occupations receiving more vocation than general ones. The author proposes revising the Labour Protection Act of 1998 to enhance the annual vacation entitlement based on the employee's seniority or duration, ensuring payment during this period. This will lead to an increase in annual vacation time for employees, commensurate with their tenure, enabling them to reduce work-related fatigue and achieve a superior work-life balance for themselves and their families, thereby enhancing their efficiency in fulfilling job responsibilities.

Book Review: A Theory of Political Liberty: An Analysis of Isaiah Berlin's Thought

Pakornkiat Asawaraksophon — 2025-11-21

Book Review: A Theory of Political Liberty: An Analysis of Isaiah Berlin's Thought

Learning Outcomes of Cooperative Learning Using the STAD Technique through an Online System in the Course Innovation in Public Administration and Governance for Master of Public Administration Students at University A

Piyakorn Whangmahaporn — 2025-11-17

This study aims to analyze the learning outcomes of students in the Innovation in Public Administration and Governance course before and after implementing cooperative learning with the STAD technique in an online setting. Additionally, it examines students' satisfaction with this instructional approach. The study population consists of 90 Master of Public Administration students enrolled in the course during the second semester of the 2023 academic year. The research instruments include four key tools: a lesson plan, an objective multiple-choice test, an open-ended written assessment, and a satisfaction survey regarding the STAD-based cooperative learning approach. Data were analyzed using statistical methods, including mean, standard deviation, and t-tests. The findings indicate that the implementation of STAD-based cooperative learning through an online system led to significantly improved learning outcomes, aligning with the research hypothesis. Furthermore, student satisfaction with this instructional approach was rated at the highest level.

Local Tourism Development Through Partnership Networks: A Case Study of Ban Pha Biead, Chaiyaphum Province

Chanadta Chamnanpon — 2025-11-18

This qualitative research aims to study the participation of partnership networks in Chaiyaphum’s local tourism improvement. The data were collected from literature review: journals, articles, handbooks, etc., observed community networks’ activities, in-depth interviews with 21 key informants (government agencies, local authorities, local people and private sectors) in Ban Pha Biead, Chaiyaphum. Co-creation approach was applied to analyze the study’s results. The results found that local people played important roles in community planning—most of which were infrastructure development, agricultural products, explored new market in Nam Phut Thab Lao. The development plans, therefore, focused on those factors instead of emphasized on local tourism and were conducted as a short-term plans or ad-hawk plans. After the rising of local tourism via social media trends, Ban Pha Biead’s tourism development has been promoted by government agencies in terms of participation promotions, financial support In this regard, the strong participation of community leaders, local entrepreneurs in association with local residents helped promote local tourism in Ban Pha Biead in which increased greater number of tourists. Regarding responsibility sharing—this study found that community and local enterprises shared core values in natural resources and environmental conservation and local traditions including their way of lives. The concrete obstacles can be seen through the efficiency of waste management in tourism area and shareholder benefits in community. In light of private sectors, greater number of tourists helped increase entrepreneurs’ incomes and developed employment. The study also point out that, land rights document issues, new local products creation, service enhancement, low teamwork in local occupational groups and tourism development and promotion, as well as insufficiency marketing channels were additional factors which affected the development in local tourism in Ban Pha Biead. However, a number of local people seized opportunities and thought highly of local tourism. Government sectors, in the meantime, should give priority to improve local tourism in such area, such as roundtable creativities, local integration, public relations, marketing and knowledges supports and ongoing funding, etc.

Holistic Impact Assessment of the Primary Healthcare System Resulting from the Transfer of Subdistrict Health Promoting Hospitals to Provincial Administrative Organizations

Udom Tumkosit — 2025-11-18

The purpose of this research is to assess the holistic impact on the primary healthcare system operated by Subdistrict Health Promoting Hospitals (SHPHs) that were transferred from the Ministry of Public Health (MoPH) to the Provincial Administrative Organizations (PAOs) during the 2023 fiscal year. The transfer involved 3,263 facilities across 49 provinces. The conceptual framework for the evaluation is based on the World Health Organization (WHO) model, which compares changes before and after the transfer across five key components: (1) values and attitudes, (2) structure, (3) inputs, (4) service delivery, and (5) outputs. The research employed a mixed-methods approach, with a primary emphasis on qualitative methodology and supplementary use of quantitative methodology to test the generalizability of preliminary findings. Data collection was conducted using a triangulation method. Qualitative data were analyzed using the ATLAS.ti program. The research findings revealed that, following the decentralization, 74.10% of Sub-district Health Promoting Hospitals (SHPHs) continued to adhere to the principles of the primary health care system as they had prior to the transfer. Meanwhile, 24.44% exhibited positive changes, primarily due to increased resource support. However, 11.46% showed a negative trend, as some personnel were not transferred along with the institutions. Overall, the study indicates a tendency toward positive adaptation to the primary health care system.

Guidelines for Sustainable development of Buddhist tourism in Kalasin province

Tanarin Suparattanakul — 2025-11-19

This research aimed to study the current situation and propose guidelines for the sustainable development of Buddhist tourism in Kalasin Province. The study applied six-dimensional sustainable tourism management indicators, covering government administration, society, environment, economy, culture, and technology. It employed a quantitative research design, collecting data using questionnaires from a sample of 385 respondents, consisting of tourists, local residents, monks and religious personnel, local administrators and officers, and local entrepreneurs. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and inferential statistics, including frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, multiple correlation analysis, and multiple regression analysis. The results revealed that 1)Stakeholders placed importance on development in all dimensions, with expectations for budget support, community income generation, waste management, cleanliness maintenance, promotion of local product markets, learning local lifestyles, and the use of social media for destination publicity reflecting their expectations for holistic development 2) The overall guidelines for sustainable Buddhist tourism development in Kalasin Province were at a high level. The dimensions of economy, culture, and technology ranked highest, and these three aspects had a statistically significant positive effect on sustainable Buddhist tourism at the 0.05 level. Meanwhile, social and environmental aspects showed no significant effects, while government administration had a statistically significant negative effect. The key contribution from this study was the identification of economy, culture, and technology as the primary driving factors for sustainable Buddhist tourism development in Kalasin, whereas current government management practices remain obstacles to development. It suggests that the role and supportive strategies of government agencies need to be revised to better align with local needs and context.

Factors influencing the efficiency of e-government application for preparing the development plan in Roi Et Province

Wichai Piewngean — 2025-11-19

Driven by the national e-government policy, Roi-Et Province has actively sought to streamline its project and action plan data collection processes across all administrative levels. To address existing challenges, the province developed the Plan101Pro software system as a crucial tool for coordinating development plans. This study aimed to achieve three primary objectives: first, to analyze the relationship between information technology acceptance and information technology quality in the context of Roi-Et Province's development planning; second, to identify factors influencing the efficiency of the Plan101Pro system in provincial development planning; and third, to provide recommendations for improving the system's effectiveness. This quantitative research employed a survey questionnaire to collect data from 125 respondents. Participants included representatives from regional government agencies and local administrative organizations, each with prior experience using the Plan101Pro system and responsible for organizational development planning. Each participating entity contributed one representative to the study. Data analysis using Pearson correlations revealed a moderate to strong relationship between information technology acceptance and information technology quality. Further analysis, utilizing multiple Regression Analysis (Enter method), was conducted to identify factors influencing the efficiency of the Plan101Pro system. The Adjusted R-squared value of 0.766 indicates that the independent variables collectively explain 76.6% of the variance in the dependent variable (system efficiency). The concept of information technology quality emerged as the most significant influence on system efficiency. The specific contributing factors, in descending order of influence (based on Beta values), are: User Satisfaction: Beta = 0.327, Information Quality: Beta = 0.290, Service Quality: Beta = 0.276. Additionally, within the concept of information technology acceptance, the factor of behavioral intention to use the information technology showed a significant influence
(Beta = 0.237), with statistical significance at the 0.05 level. Based on the study's findings, the following recommendations are proposed to enhance the efficiency of the Plan101Pro system: 1.Extend the timeframe for recording project and action plan data. 2. Develop a reporting feature that allows for exporting data in user-defined formats. 3. Ensure 24-hour system availability 4. Integrate data synchronization with the e-Plan system for seamless development plan data import. 5. Transform the system into a "One-Stop Service" platform

The political awakening of the people in Mueang Sakon Nakhon District, Sakon Nakhon Province: Case Study of the 2023 House of Representatives Election

Woramet Somsaipol — 2025-11-19

This research is to examine The political awakening of the people in Mueang Sakon Nakhon District, Sakon Nakhon Province: Case Study of the 2023 House of Representatives Election. A mixed-methods research technique was employed to examine both political knowledge and participation behavior. The sample group included 400 people of Mueang Sakon Nakhon District, as determined by the Krejcie & Morgan formula, as well as 20 key informants, including national and local politicians, local authorities, political and electoral specialists, political leaders and activists, and registered voters. The study found that respondents had a high level of opinion regarding The political awakening of the people in Mueang Sakon Nakhon District, Sakon Nakhon Province: Case Study of the 2023 House of Representatives Election. The level of political knowledge and understanding was high ( = 4.05, S.D. = .869), with the right to participate in politics being the highest ( = 4.24, S.D. = .953), followed by the right to receive information ( = 4.21, S.D. = .894), and lastly, the right to demand and fight for their own rights ( = 3.85, S.D. = .793). In terms of political participation behavior, respondents had an overall high level of opinion ( = 3.50, S.D. = .765), with the highest level being the exercise of voting rights ( = 4.52, S.D. = .739). Next is the initiation of political discussions ( = 4.20, S.D. = .727), and the participation in political movements is at the lowest level ( = 2.04, S.D. = .636). The residents of Sakon Nakhon Muang district have a high level of political knowledge and understanding, especially regarding their rights to political participation, access to information, and the right to demand. Additionally, political participation behaviors, such as voting and discussing political issues, show that the public is highly engaged, reflecting an increased political awareness in the area. This research indicates that access to accurate information and awareness of one's rights are key factors that promote effective political participation.

Perception of the Circular Economy Concept Affecting Buying and Waste Management Behavior of Citizens: A Case Study of Mueang Roi Et District

pongtanagon jantasombat — 2025-11-20

This research titled “Perception of Circular Economy Concepts Affecting Consumer Product Purchase Behavior and Post-Consumption Waste Management: A Case Study of Mueang District, Roi Et Province” aimed to examine the level of public perception regarding the concept of the circular economy, and analyze the relationship between the circular economy concept and product purchase behavior as well as post-consumption waste management. This study employed a quantitative research approach. The population consisted of 115,079 residents living in Mueang District, Roi Et Province. A sample of 400 participants was selected using Taro Yamane's formula. The research instrument used was a questionnaire, and the data were analyzed using descriptive statistics such as frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation, as well as inferential statistics including Pearson’s correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis. The findings revealed that the perception of the circular economy concept had a statistically significant influence on both product purchase behavior and post-consumption waste management. Among the predictor variables, the factor of reuse demonstrated the highest predictive power. Furthermore, the study found that product purchase behavior had a statistically significant positive correlation with post-consumption waste management behavior.

Analysis of Political Strategies Leading to Victory in the 2023 General Election: A Case Study of the Bhumjaithai Party in Constituency 11, Ubon Ratchathani Province

Nichapawee kumsri — 2025-11-20

Abstract

This study aims to analyze the election strategy of the Bhumjaithai Party in the 2023 House of Representatives election for Constituency 11 in Ubon Ratchathani Province through a case study of Ms. Tuangthip Jintawet, the successful candidate. The findings indicate that the success resulted from a combination of personal strategies, the use of social and political capital at the local level, and adaptation to the new electoral system, which allows candidates to play a prominent role locally. Key strategies included building a close relationship with voters, continuous grassroots campaigning, presenting policies that address community needs, and establishing political alliances at the local level. This study reflects that the Bhumjaithai Party’s success in this constituency was not solely due to national party momentum but stemmed from a multifaceted strategic approach that effectively responds to the political and social context of the area.

Guidelines for Utilizing the Community Forest Act to Promote Sustainability: A Case Study of Ban Dong Bang, Nong Bo Subdistrict, Mueang Ubon Ratchathani District, Ubon Ratchathani Province

Nirotharee Jullao — 2025-11-20

The objectives of this research were: (1) to enhance the capacity of community leaders and members by developing accurate knowledge and understanding of the Community Forest Law; (2) to empower community leaders and members to develop practical guidelines for their communities by effectively integrating knowledge of the Community Forest Law into practice; and (3) to analyze the key components of operational guidelines that enable communities to sustainably utilize knowledge of the Community Forest Law.This study employed a mixed-methods approach. The key informants included 25 community leaders and members of Ban Dong Bang, Nong Bo Subdistrict, Mueang Ubon Ratchathani District, Ubon Ratchathani Province, selected through purposive sampling. Data were collected through surveys and interviews and analyzed using Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA).Research Findings 1.Community leaders and members significantly improved their accurate knowledge and understanding of the Community Forest Law. 2. Community leaders and members were able to create context-specific operational guidelines by integrating knowledge of the Community Forest Law into effective future resource management practices. 3. The essential components of operational guidelines that promote the sustainable use of knowledge related to the Community Forest Law comprised: (1) community participation, (2) strong leadership, and (3) education and knowledge dissemination. Discussion The findings highlight that building accurate knowledge and understanding of the Community Forest Law serves as a foundation for guiding communities in managing their own resources. Community participation fosters a sense of ownership and shared responsibility, while strong leadership is a critical driving force that ensures continuity and collective action. Furthermore, providing education and knowledge to all age groups within the community ensures the transfer of knowledge and the establishment of long-term collective understanding. These results are consistent with international approaches to participatory resource management, which emphasize empowering local people to determine their own development pathways. Recommendations It is recommended that continuous training programs and practical activities be organized to enhance skills and update community members’ knowledge of the Community Forest Law, ensuring responsiveness to changing social and environmental conditions. Government agencies and related organizations should support the establishment of collaborative networks among communities to exchange experiences and develop appropriate practices for each local context. Moreover, integrating knowledge of the Community Forest Law into local educational curricula should be considered, in order to raise awareness among youth from an early stage. Finally, a monitoring and evaluation system should be established to regularly assess community implementation, allowing for the improvement and adaptation of practices in response to economic, social, and environmental changes.

Food representation in Korean series from the perspective of International culture and Economy

Sukanya Rattanasri — 2025-11-20

Research titled “Food representation in Korean series from the perspective of International culture and Economy” aims to study and explain food in Korean dramas through the lens of cultural and international economic dimensions. The study and analysis were conducted on a total of four series, including Itaewon Class (2020) Vincenzo (2021) Queen of Tear (2024) and Love Next Door (2024). The study found that all four series presented representations of food through a variety of dishes, such as kimchi, ramen, Korean barbecue, kimchi stew, egg bread, and others, including both Korean food and food from other brands like Indonesian Kopiko candy and Subway from the United States. South Korea has long showcased food through its series, using product placement to seamlessly integrate goods into the storyline. This can be seen as a cultural export and a product sale that creates dynamics in international trade. These exports have led to the flourishing of Korean cuisine in many countries and have become a business that uses Korean drama airtime to advertise various brand products, benefiting the international economy as well.

Adaptive Management Strategies for Coping with Climate Change in Sugarcane Production: A Case Study of Phu Khieo District, Chaiyaphum Province

Surasak Kontha — 2025-11-20

This research studied the following: (1) The impacts of climate change on sugarcane cultivation; (2) Management approaches to cope with climate change; and (3) The quality of life of sugarcane farmers in Phu Khiao District, Chaiyaphum Province. A qualitative research methodology was employed, collecting data through in-depth interviews with eight sugarcane farmers in Phu Khiao District. The data were organized and coded, and responses with related meanings were connected in order to analyze the information by identifying key themes that explain the characteristics and issues related to the impacts of climate change on sugarcane cultivation, the management response, and quality of life of farmers affected by climate change. The findings are summarized based on the content analysis. The study found that farmers were affected by the uncertainty of rainfall, drought, water shortages, soil and moisture problems, and rising temperatures, which have led to unstable crop yields and increased production costs. This instability, in turn, has created pressure on household economies and agricultural security. Farmers are adapting through various strategies, such as planning cultivation based on weather forecasts, adjusting land use and water systems, selecting resilient sugarcane varieties, improving soil quality, applying water management innovations, and choosing appropriate planting periods. These measures helped reduce risk and increased the chances of maintaining production stability. At the same time, the impacts of climate change were also linked to farmers’ quality of life, including income, physical and mental health, and the cost burden, highlighting the need for government policy support and community participation. In conclusion, building the adaptive capacity of sugarcane farmers requires both individual adaptative mechanisms and structural support from the government, under the concept of New Public Management (NPM), which emphasizes the participation of all sectors in order to enhance farmers’ quality of life toward achieving sustainability.

The differences between national-level electoral behavior and local-level elections, in the case of the election of the President of the Ubon Ratchathani Provincial Administrative Organization on December 22, 2024

Pratueng Moungon — 2025-11-20

The national-level election and the local-level election in Ubon Ratchathani Province, in the case of the election of the President of the Ubon Ratchathani Provincial Administrative Organization, are significantly different in political terms in at least three aspects: (1) The influence or variable of political parties that support or obstruct candidates. Even though both competitors with the chance to win the election had connections and received support from political parties, either openly or not openly, the research results confirm that party popularity has less influence on local elections than on national elections. The votes for a party in the national election are not automatically the votes in the local election for candidates affiliated with that party, because the people will consider other factors as well, such as personal qualifications, constituency visits, and the benefits that people can expect from the candidate.

Meanwhile, Jittrawan Wangsuppakitkoson, although the main party that gave support was the Thai Ruamphalang Party, which received 1 percent of all voters in the province, and the Bhumjaithai Party, which received 3 percent of all voters in the province, for a total of 4 percent of all voters, nevertheless, in the election of the President of the Ubon Ratchathani Provincial Administrative Organization, despite her first term running, she received as many as 37.87 percent.This empirical evidence confirms the research hypothesis that national-level electoral behavior and local-level electoral behavior are significantly different. People may prefer to vote for that political party at the national level, but it does not mean that people will automatically vote for that political party in local-level elections.The recommendations from this research suggest amending the Local Council or Local Executive Election Act (No. 2), B.E. 2566 (2023) in a manner that is appropriate and consistent with the context of Thailand and the changing social context. The researcher proposes amendments to three key sections: Section 61, Section 64, and Section 65, aiming to resolve the problem of local executives resigning before the end of their term in order to avoid issues arising from all three of these sections.

The collaboration network among the business sector, government, and community in developing a circular economy innovation to promote career opportunities and income generation for the community enterprise of local quality coffee producer farmers in Mae Chai District, Phayao Province

Bancha Bhutwanakul — 2025-11-20

This study examines the process of building an innovative circular economy network among the business sector (coffee roasting factories), the government, and the community (young farmers) to promote income generation for community enterprises of quality coffee producers in the highland areas of Phayao Province. A qualitative research approach was employed, involving in-depth interviews and focus group discussions with 50 stakeholders, along with data triangulation for validation. The collected data were then interpreted, analyzed, and eloquently described. The findings reveal that the collaborative network between business organizations, the government, and the community forms a production chain that fosters a high-quality and sustainable circular economy system. In the upstream stage, young farmers are encouraged to develop innovative cultivation and processing techniques to create a distinctive identity known as "Phayao Quality Coffee." At the midstream stage, coffee roasting factories serve as central hubs for purchasing, value-added processing, and comprehensive product development. In the downstream stage, government agencies provide knowledge support, regulate standards, and facilitate integrated services. This collaborative model not only creates stable occupations and incomes for the community but also elevates the quality of local coffee, strengthens the circular economy, and aligns with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

The Development Model for Supportive Welfare Systems for the Poor in Communities in Kalasin Province

Tawatchai Kahaban — 2025-11-21

This research aims to study and develop a complementary welfare system model for the poor, vulnerable, and disadvantaged in communities in Kalasin province, an area with complex multidimensional poverty issues. The study uses a mixed-methods research approach within a participatory action research framework. The sample includes representatives from community welfare funds in every subdistrict, poor households in the area, and pilot funds in several districts. Data was collected with questionnaires, focus group discussions, and lessons learned. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and thematic content analysis. The research findings indicate that the funds have financial potential and community participation but face challenges in financial management, the lack of a systematic needs assessment system, and the absence of an effective database. Most target households have low incomes, high debt burdens, and primarily need welfare for healthcare and job creation. Based on the study, the "3P + 1S" complementary welfare model was developed, comprising prevention, protection, promotion, and support systems. Evaluation results show that the model is highly effective in serving target households, increasing income, and building sustainable community resilience. This model can be applied in other areas with similar contexts, considering local social and cultural capital as the basis for development.

Guidelines for the Use of Digital Technology in the Administration of Small Schools under The Secondary Educational Service Area Office Kalasin

Puttanun Chanasuek — 2025-11-21

The Thai government and educational agencies have prioritized reducing educational inequality, particularly among small schools, as well as promoting adaptation and effective utilization of digital technology. Although the self-assessment results of small schools under the Secondary Educational Service Area Office Kalasin for the 2023 academic year indicated that all schools achieved at least a “Good” level, only six out of twenty-four schools reached the “Excellent” level. Meanwhile, the results of the Ordinary National Educational Test (O-NET) showed that their average scores were lower than the national average across all subjects, with a declining trend compared to the 2022 academic year. These findings highlight the necessity of developing digital-based management approaches for small schools. This study employed a mixed-methods research design with the objectives of examining the utilization and problems of digital technology in small schools, as well as proposing guidelines for its effective integration in school management. The quantitative data were collected through questionnaires from 180 school administrators and teachers, while qualitative data were obtained through interviews with five school administrators. The data were analyzed using percentage, mean, standard deviation, and content analysis. The results revealed that the overall level of digital technology utilization in small schools was high, particularly in general administration, followed by budget, academic, and personnel administration. The main problems identified were the mismatch between digital media and learners’ needs, limited budgets, insufficient equipment, inadequate technological infrastructure, and varying levels of digital literacy among teachers. The proposed guidelines emphasized comprehensive digital integration across all management areas, teacher capacity development, establishment of information systems, technological infrastructure enhancement, effective communication and public relations, interschool collaboration networks, and digital citizenship promotion to enhance the educational quality of small schools in the digital era.

Guidelines for the Development of Working Life Quality and Organizational Commitment: A Case Study of the Kalasin Provincial Education Office

Apichart Buakaew — 2025-11-21

This study was conducted to highlight the importance of work-life quality and organizational commitment in enhancing work efficiency and ensuring continuity in personnel performance. The objectives were to examine 1) the level of work-life quality, 2) the level of organizational commitment, and 3) guidelines for developing work-life quality and organizational commitment among teachers and educational personnel at the Kalasin Provincial Education Office. A mixed-methods approach was employed, comprising both a quantitative component involving all 45 personnel in the office and a qualitative component comprising 10 administrators as key informants. Data were collected through questionnaires and interviews. Quantitative data were analyzed using mean, percentage, and standard deviation. The results indicated that the overall levels of work-life quality and organizational commitment were high. The recommended guidelines for development should prioritize the aspect with the lowest mean score compensation by establishing fair compensation measures aligned with job performance and providing additional benefits such as welfare, cost-of-living allowances, overtime pay, hazard pay, and other incentives. Meanwhile, the aspect with the highest mean score social role and community engagement should be maintained and further enhanced by promoting collaboration networks, developing personality and communication skills, and organizing public service projects and community-oriented activities.