Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Loei Rajabhat University

Bun Bang Fai Talai Lan : Community-Based Cultural Tourism Management BanKutWa, KutWa Subdistrict, Kuchinarai District, Kalasin Province

Pornchita Kusumal, Nattaya Artwicha, Jeerasak Pokawin — Wed, 31 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0700

This research aims to examine the knowledge and understanding of the Bun Bang Fai Talai Lan tradition among community members, analyze their participation behaviors in the tradition, and assess the success level of the festival in promoting local development in Ban Kut Wa, Kut Wa Subdistrict, Kuchinarai District, Kalasin Province. Using a quantitative research methodology, the study surveyed 98 residents from Villages 1, 2, 8, 9, 11, and 13 in Ban Kut Wa, selected from a total population of 4,715 using Taro Yamane's formula. Data were collected through structured questionnaires and analyzed using descriptive statistics, including mean and standard deviation. The findings reveal that respondents demonstrated a satisfactory level of knowledge and understanding of the tradition (=2.42). Participation frequency was rated as "often" (=2.78), and the festival's success in contributing to local development was rated at a high level (= 3.80). The study recommends that government agencies support the festival's elevation to provincial-level status to enhance tourism promotion and emphasize target group engagement, particularly among children and youth.

The process of creating and using knowledge of the Tan Salak Chalom tradition of the Ban Khum community, Chaichumphon Subdistrict, Laplae District, Uttaradit Province

Eakruthai Chutchaidej, Siwat Kamonkunanon — Wed, 31 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0700

This study aims to investigate the traditional cultural practices of the Ban Khum community in Chai Chumphon Subdistrict, Laplae District, Uttaradit Province, which have been declining in prominence and are at risk of disappearing. This decline is attributed to the diminishing number of cultural custodians, as well as the insufficient preservation, transmission, and intergenerational transfer of cultural knowledge to children, youth, and community members.

In response, the researcher seeks to develop a knowledge management process appropriate to the local context of Ban Khum, with particular emphasis on the Tan Salak Salom (Salok Chalom) tradition—an important cultural heritage that warrants sustained preservation in contemporary society. The research focuses on examining the traditional learning processes associated with Tan Salak Salom in the Ban Khum community and on systematizing the body of knowledge related to this cultural practice.

The findings aim to provide a framework for enhancing community learning processes, establishing a structured cultural knowledge base for future generations, and offering a model for the preservation and transmission of the Tan Salak Salom tradition within the Ban Khum community.

Operational Factors Affecting Effectiveness of Community Enterprises in Sathing Phra Peninsula, Songkhla Province

kanitsorn tanwattana, Niwut Poolsri, Panai Chaitada, Wassana Suwanvijit — Wed, 31 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0700

This research aimed to compare the effectiveness of community enterprises classified by personal factors and to examine operational factors affecting the effectiveness of community enterprises in the Sathing Phra Peninsula, Songkhla Province. The study employed a quantitative survey research design, collecting data from 261 community enterprise members across four districts using a questionnaire as the research instrument. Data analysis was conducted using descriptive statistics, t-tests, F-tests, and regression analysis. The research findings revealed that the overall operational performance of community enterprises was at the highest level ( = 4.58), with leadership and management having the highest mean score ( = 4.61). The overall effectiveness of community enterprises was at the highest level ( = 4.63), with member satisfaction achieving the highest mean score (= 4.68). Comparisons across seven personal factors showed statistically significant differences, while regression analysis indicated that operational factors could explain 51.8% of the variance in community enterprise effectiveness (R² = .518; p < .001). These findings reflect the importance of systematic management, leadership development, and promoting member participation as key factors that support sustainable growth of community enterprises.

Developing the Model of Civil Society’s Participation and Inspection to Local Administrative Organizations in Loei Province

Thanabhatra Jaiyen — Wed, 31 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0700

This research aimed to study the problem and causes of civil society’ s participation and inspection to Local Administrative Organizations’ operation in Loei province, exploring the factors effecting the participating and inspecting and developing the model of participating and inspecting. Mixed method research was applied with the in-depth interview of 10 key informants and quantitative study by stratified random sampling. A total of 485 cases were sampled including the electoral voters and the member of 10 local councilors in five districts of Loei province. The rating scale of questionnaire was employed as research instrument, which were leveled at 0.98 of reliability. The Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) technique were adopted for statistical testing with LISREL version 8.30.

The findings revealed that 1) Civil society in Loei province had lacked participating and inspecting and less active to local administrative organizations’ operation. Most people would rather perform for getting benefits from state agencies and usually being organized by state officials or politicians. Some mass medias were dominated by politicians or civil servants, and involved in bribery and graft. Moreover, some monitoring and supervising agencies were powerless for law enforcement to the officials accused of illegal wrongdoings. However, the situation of civil society’s participating and inspecting to local administrative organizations in Loei province had improved because of the increasing role of social medias, civil societies and new opened laws. The general people had participated and inspected to the local administrative organizations’ operation by medium level ( = 3.46). On the other hand, the civil society had participated and inspected to the local organizations’ operation by high level ( = 3.54. 2) The factors of Civil Society, People’s Political Culture, Structure Law and Policy, Leadership, and Interest and Stakeholders were statistical significantly correlated with the Civil Society’s Participation and Inspection to local administrative organizations in Loei province by high level and nearly high level (r = 0.91, 0.85, 0.84, 0.78, 0.77) respectively. 3) The five factors could collectively explain the civil society’s participation and inspection to the local administrative organizations’ operation in Loei province by 85 percent.

Investigation and Comparison the Present and Future Situations of Sustainable Management in Private University

Nongnapas Thiengkamol, Velu Sinvayupak, Tanarat Thiengkamol — Wed, 31 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0700

The objectives of this research were 1) to investigate the present and future situations of sustainable management in private universities, and 2) to compare the present and future situations of sustainable management in private universities. A mixed-method research design was employed, integrating both quantitative and qualitative approaches. The sample selection was based on two criteria: 1) private universities that have been established for at least half a century, and 2) those ranked by both the Webmetrics Ranking of World Universities and the UniRank University Ranking. Based on these criteria, the top five institutions were selected: Assumption University, Rangsit University, Bangkok University, Sripathum University, and the University of the Thai Chamber of Commerce, respectively.

The research was conducted in two phases. In Phase 1, in-depth interviews were used as the research instrument with five-key Informants who were senior executives of private universities in order to explore present and future situations of sustainable management. In Phase 2, a sample of 400 participants, consisting of academic staff and personnel, was employed to compare the present and future situations of sustainable management. The research tools were verified using content validity (IOC) and reliability based on standard criteria.

The results revealed that in Phase 1, the sustainable management model for private higher education institutions was formulated based on the 7Ps marketing mix, consisting of product, price, place, promotion, people, process, and physical evidence/environment, integrated with ESG principles: environment, social, and governance. The results indicated high to the highest levels. In Phase 2, comparisons of the present and future situations of sustainable management in private universities containing 10 aspects: product, price, place, promotion, people, process, physical evidence/environment, social, and governance showed statistically significant differences at the .01 level.

A Study of the Relationship between English Speaking Skills and Communication Problems among Front Desk Staff in Room Check-out and Payment Situations: A Case Study of Loei Palace Hotel, Loei Province

Wed, 31 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0700

This quantitative research focused on five front desk staff members at Loei Palace Hotel, Loei Province, comprising both English major graduates and non-English major graduates. The participants were selected through Purposive Population. The objectives were 1) to examine the relationship between the English-speaking skills of the front desk staff and the persistent problems in English communication and 2) to investigate the impact of their speaking skills on the existing communication problems during check-out and payment situations. The research instruments consisted of 1) English-speaking skills evaluation questionnaire, 2) an English-speaking skills evaluation rubric for specialists, and 3) an English-speaking skills assessment report from the specialists. The data were analyzed by using relation. The research findings revealed that 1) there was a statistically significant negative relation (r = -0.920 and p = 0.001) between the English-speaking skills of the front desk staff and the persistent English communication speaking problems, and 2) speaking skills were the primary factor affecting persistent English-speaking skill problems (slope = -7.65, and r²_(adj)= 85.9%, and p = 0.000) at the significance level of α = .05.

Designing digital communication innovations through the role of shadow puppet master, Khuan Niang District, Songkhla Province

Teera Rachapol — Wed, 31 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Nang Talung is a traditional folk performance art that has long reflected the wisdom, culture, and beliefs of Southern Thai people. The “Nai Nang Talung” (shadow puppet master) acts as the main storyteller, conveying knowledge and entertainment through recitation, dialogue, and the manipulation of puppets behind a cloth screen. This research aims to develop digital communication innovations through the role of the Nai Nang Talung to promote learning and preserve the art of Nang Talung among youth in Khuan Niang District, Songkhla Province. The research sample consisted of 15 upper secondary school students, as well as 6 Nang Talung masters and experts in media and culture. The study employed a digital media design approach in a multimedia format that integrates text, images, sound, and animation. Storytelling was presented through animated characters and short video clips disseminated on social media platforms such as Facebook, YouTube, and TikTok.

The findings revealed that applying the role of the Nai Nang Talung in digital media increased interest, understanding, and cultural appreciation of Nang Talung, especially among young audiences. This method is also an effective way to preserve and disseminate folk arts to new generations. Additionally, the implementation fostered collaborative networks among local schools, digital media experts, and local Nang Talung masters in the development and transfer of knowledge for sustainable joint learning. Thestudy indicates that designing digital communication innovations based on the role of the Nai Nang Talung is a key strategy in connecting traditional arts with modern technology, thereby leading to the continued preservation and development of Southern Thai folk arts in the digital era.

The Impact on People’s Rights and Freedoms in Communication Through Computer Networks

Natawat Jiraserirat, Suksmai Sutthibodee, Uthai Artivetch, Paijit Savasdisara — Wed, 31 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0700

This research aims to study and compare the legal frameworks of Thailand and other countries regarding the freedom of people in communicating via computer systems, analyze the limitations and impacts of the Computer-Related Crime Act (No. 2) B.E. 2560 on freedom of communication, and study the proportionality between the enforcement of the law and the protection of the freedom of people under Thai law regarding communication via computer systems. The research results show that the legal frameworks of Thailand and other countries differ in protecting freedom of communication. Section 14 contains ambiguous words such as “false information”, which leaves the state with wide discretion without a check and balance body. Meanwhile, the laws of the United States, the Federal Republic of Germany, and the Kingdom of Japan use the principle of proportionality with a court system that checks the state’s power. This law aims to control cybercrime, but it is used to limit people’s freedom of expression, political expression, and law enforcement lacks balance. Although the state has the right to limit freedom for security, it has used its power beyond the scope of the law in many cases. Therefore, the Computer-Related Crime Act should be amended to be clearer, especially regarding the scope of officials’ powers, and to stipulate that access to people’s data must be authorized by the court in order to reduce the risk of violating people’s privacy rights. Consider using alternative measures instead of criminal punishment, fines, or probation. For cases of non-serious offenses against state security and to strengthen the mechanism for checking and balancing law enforcement to determine whether there is a violation of people's rights and freedoms.

The Influence of Influencers and Short-Form Content on Entertainment Consumption Decisions of Gen Z

Wed, 31 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0700

This study aims to (1) examine the level and characteristics of influencer influence on Generation Z’s entertainment media consumption decisions, (2) investigate the influence of short-form content on such decisions, and (3) analyze the relationship between influencer influence, short-form content, and media consumption decisions. The sample consisted of 300 respondents selected through purposive sampling. A five-point Likert scale questionnaire with an overall reliability coefficient of 0.89 was employed. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and multiple regression analysis. The results revealed that Gen Z respondents perceived a high level of influence from both influencers and short-form content, particularly in terms of credibility, authentic presentation, and content brevity. Hypothesis testing indicated that influencer influence and short-form content had statistically significant positive effects on entertainment media consumption decisions, both individually and jointly. These findings highlight the crucial roles of influencers and short-form content in shaping media consumption behavior among Generation Z in the digital era.

Creative Drawing Skill Development through Activity-Based Learning for Digital Art Students.

Chaitawee Bubpa, Saranyaphach Jitpilai, Teerapong Pitasaringkarn — Wed, 31 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0700

This research aimed to investigate the following: Methods for promoting the development of creative works among Digital Art students in the Creative Drawing course; The results of creative skill development in the Creative Drawing course; and Student satisfaction with learning in the Creative Drawing course. The sample group consisted of 17 Digital Art students enrolled in the Creative Drawing course during the research semester. The study was conducted over a period of 10 weeks. The research instruments included a creative learning activity plan, a creative drawing skill assessment form, an art portfolio evaluation form, pre-test and post-test, and a satisfaction questionnaire. The research findings revealed that the promotional method was the implementation of creative drawing learning activities designed based on the concepts of learning focused on observation, interpretation of identity through lines, use of diverse techniques, and critical reflection. These activities significantly developed creative drawing skills and enhanced the artistic creativity of Digital Art students. The development results indicated that the learning activities significantly impacted creative thinking (p < 0.05), especially in the aspects of originality, fluency, and flexibility of thought. Students' artwork demonstrated clear development in the unique use of lines to convey concepts, creativity, and composition that effectively communicates emotions. Overall student satisfaction was at the "Highest" level (overall mean = 4.57), with the highest satisfaction specifically in the areas of the instructor and the learning outcomes. These findings align with the concepts and research results of several academics who support the role of active and creative learning in developing essential skills for the 21st century.

The Problem on Properties Holding of Alien in Thailand

Wed, 31 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0700

The problems on immovable properties holding by aliens in Thailand have been discussed since immemorial time. These problems are the conditions of holding and the quantity of immovable properties should be held by the aliens. Even though, those questions have already been provided in several laws and regulations. However, those laws and regulations have not been revised to compatible with the need of aliens who would like to be the owners of immovable properties in Thailand. While, presently, Thai laws and regulations have not been developed to serve economic, social and politic development. Until the latest law, named “the Right Over Leasehold Asset Act B. E. 2562” is issued to be the choice of solving the problems on immovable properties holding by aliens in Thailand. There for, it is necessity to study the possibilities of this Act to solve these problems and to find out the appropriated measures and the recommendations to those problems.

This research is documentary research, based on drafted laws and regulations, acts, texts, articles, relevant research works, judicial decisions, electronic information and foreign laws related to this topic for comparison of Thai laws.

The research found that the Right Over Leasehold Asset Act B. E. 2562 may not applicable to the need of foreign investors and the one who would like to be the owner of immovable properties in Thailand. For what’s ever reasons, this law is not appropriate enough to the need of those foreign investors and aliens. In summary, this research has the recommendations are as follows: 1) Thailand still be one target that alien groups would like to hold immovable properties. 2) Those target alien groups are Russian Federation and People’s Republic of China. 3) For the immovable properties holding of aliens, in case of ownership, they should pay the tax of the income receive from the differences cost of the properties holding after they distribute those properties. 4) In case of social problems, the Government should create the mutual understanding of local people to accept and understanding of Human rights regime on the rights and freedom of movement and settlement. 5) The effect of value change of immovable properties in case of increasing of demand by aliens, the Government should allow immovable properties holding by aliens only the high price of properties. This is to avoid the effect which may reflect to the higher price of immovable properties and effect to the middle and lower classes of domestic people. 6) The Government should improve or gathering the law concerning immovable properties holding by aliens which are hidden in several laws and regulations to be registered in a single law particularly for the holding of alien in immovable properties in Thailand. This is to serve the understanding of both Thai officials and aliens who would like to hold the immovable properties in Thailand.

Legal Measures Development for Sustainable Solar Energy Implementation: Case Study of the Community Area of Koh Jik, Chanthaburi Province

Chuthathip Limphongprasert — Wed, 31 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0700

This research aims to study and analyze appropriate legal measures for promoting the sustainable use of solar energy at the community level, using Koh Jik Community, Chanthaburi Province, a remote area with high energy potential but facing structural obstacles, as a case study. A Mixed Methods approach was used, involving a quantitative survey of 193 samples and qualitative analysis through in-depth interviews and focus group discussions with stakeholders.

The findings indicate that despite high social readiness and clear benefits in energy cost reduction, scaling up is hindered by three main obstacles: 1) High upfront costs and lack of easily accessible soft loan mechanisms; 2) Lack of technical knowledge for long-term maintenance; and 3) Inconsistent Thai laws, which are centralized, focusing on large operators, leading to complex permitting processes and a lack of legal status for "Community Energy" to produce and sell surplus electricity.

In-depth analysis under the Holistic Participatory Energy Model (HPEM) and energy justice principles suggests that the clarity of legal procedures and institutional trust are crucial factors influencing installation decisions. The research proposes prompt legal reform to recognize the status and rights of "Grassroots Prosumers", implementing stable financial incentives (Tiered FiT/Net Metering), simplifying permitting to a notification regime, and establishing a performance tracking index (Solar Legal Acceptance Index: SLAI) to ensure laws adapt to actual community data. These proposals aim to reduce energy inequality and create long-term sustainability.

Legal Issues in the Process of Prosecuting Online Fraud Cases

Torlanin Pumsuwan — Wed, 31 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0700

The complexity of online fraud has intensified alongside advances in digital technology, creating significant challenges in criminal proceedings, particularly in the collection, examination, and presentation of electronic evidence. A central problem lies in the lack of standardized technological tools and forensic systems for digital evidence analysis, as well as the shortage of experts who possess integrated knowledge of both legal procedures and information technology. These limitations have resulted in delays in investigations, uncertainty in forensic outcomes, and potential risks to the core principle of proof in the criminal justice process.

A comparative review of foreign legal frameworks reveals that France has established centralized digital forensic institutions that operate under standardized procedures, while the United Kingdom strictly applies chain of custody requirements and professional certification for digital forensic specialists. Japan, in turn, has developed an integrated cybercrime investigation structure that centralizes data, training, and technological resources. These models demonstrate that effective management of digital evidence requires a coordinated system of legal standards, organizational structure, and specialized human resources.

In the Thai context, although existing laws such as the Electronic Transactions Act and the Computer Crimes Act provide a basic legal framework for the admissibility of electronic evidence, the absence of unified forensic standards and interdisciplinary professional development continues to hinder the efficiency of verifying factual information in rapidly evolving online fraud cases.

This study proposes systemic reforms including the establishment of a national digital forensic center aligned with international standards, the creation of a certification system for legal and technological experts, clear procedural regulations for handling digital evidence, and the development of specialized training curricula. Such measures would strengthen the capacity of the Thai criminal justice system to effectively respond to digital-era challenges in a sustainable and credible manner.

Sexual Assault in Women's Football: Lessons from the Luis Rubiales Case

Pedithep Youyuenyong — Wed, 31 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0700

Many international women's football competitions contested between the women's football teams team that represents nations quickly entered the global sports scene, and prevention of sexual assault and violence against women’s football players was defined by women’s football regulation of FIFA. The women's football teams and their relevant participants are being governed to use their football authoritative functions and adopt a preventive approach to decision-making on supporting victims of sexual assault due to the changing dynamics of the international women's football organization. However, sexual harassment and assault might be able to occur in the international women's football competitions with a negative risk at both international and domestic levels. This paper discusses the application of the FIFA Disciplinary Code (FDC) in the Luis Rubiales case. This paper also examine how the CAS's rulings have affected the safety and protection for women in the global football on a large scale, while also examining the case's development at each level of process within the Spanish legal system and proceedings within the FIFA's judicial proceedings through the prism of the global women’s football governance of FIFA. The purposes of this paper also provides an assessment of the effectiveness of FIFA judicial proceedings. This paper then highlights the challenges of safeguarding women's rights in the FIFA football. The paper examines developments in women's protection in the FIFA’s football governance, including dispute challenges from inappropriate actions of male administrators and female players’ response, before drawing some conclusions.

Guidelines for Consideration of Unfair Dismissal in Accordance with Supreme Court Judgment No. 3119-3135/2024 In the Case of Organizational Restructuring by Laying Off Some Employees

Piangjit Tanticharatwarodom, Chanathip Chinanawin — Wed, 31 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0700

The consideration of unfair dismissal in Thailand in the case of organizational restructuring by partially terminating employees has previously considered only (1) the employer's losses and (2) a fair employee selection process. This is a consideration in accordance with the Supreme Court's decision No. 3119-3135/2024, which laid down the principle that in the case of an employer terminating some employees because of organizational adjustments, the following reasons must be considered: (1) The employer loses the whole business or only some sectors. (2) The process of improving the employer's business, such as reducing contract employees, reducing overtime work, not hiring new employees. (3) The process of selecting employees fairly, which will affect the termination methods of private sector employers and state enterprises nationwide, which must comply with the court's judgment.

Non-Smoker Protection Laws at Petrol stations: Can Government Agencies Effectively Enforce Them?

Wed, 31 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0700

This academic article aims to examine the problems associated with theenforcement of laws designed to protect non-smokers in gas stations. The author raises the question of whether government agencies are able to effectively enforce such laws. This study is conducted through an analysis of the Tobacco Products Control Act B.E. 2560 (2017) and the Fuel Control Act B.E. 2542 (1999), as well as relevant ministerial regulations and ministerial notifications concerning the protection of non-smokers in gas stations. In addition, supplementary data were collected from websites, news reports, and related documents. A comparative analysis of Brunei and the Philippines, both of which have successfully developed effective approaches to addressing this issue, was also undertaken.

The study found that it is a well-established and publicly observable fact that smoking continues to occur within gas stations. As these locations provide a wide range of services, such as restaurants, restrooms, and convenience stores,they function as rest areas for travelers. Despite the presence of clear warning signs and stickers prohibiting smoking, as well as explicitly prescribed penalties, cigarette smoke disperses into the surrounding air and adversely affects individuals in the area, including children, pregnant women, adults, the elderly, and foreign tourists. to the development of health conditions such as emphysema, lung cancer, and allergic diseases in the future. Each year, the state expends a substantial amount of its budget on medical treatment for affected patients. Although Thailand is a party to the World Health Organization's Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, it has been unable to completely resolve this chronic problem. This has led to a lack of trust from other signatory states and negatively impacted the country's tourism image.

The author recommends that the government adopt systematic management measures through continuous public campaigns and consistent enforcement actions against offenders,, adjusting the timeframe appropriately according to the circumstances, in order to ensure that gas stations genuinely function as smoke-free areas under the law. The Tobacco Product Control Committee, which holds direct authority to protect non-smokers at all levels, namely the national level, Bangkok, and the provincial level, should coordinate efforts by issuing orders to operational-level officials to rigorously arrest offenders and conduct anti-smoking campaigns, and closely monitor the situation to mitigate and eliminate the problem. Furthermore, the Tobacco Product Control Act B.E. 2560 (2017) should be amended to address cases in which business operators fail to adequately supervise and warn smokers, by adopting the legal approach of the Philippines, which progressively increases penalties from less severe to more severe measures.

Legal Measures for Setting Fees in the Community Management of Electronic Waste and Equipment

Chaiyong takimnok, Suksmai Sutthibodee, Watchara Neitivanich — Wed, 31 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0700

The management of electronic waste (e-waste) and electronic equipment in communities is a statutory duty assigned to local administrative organizations under the Public Health Act B.E. 2535 (1992) and related legislation. However, the current fee collection system faces several limitations, including rates lower than the actual management costs, the absence of standardized national criteria, and the lack of clear monitoring and enforcement mechanisms. This study aims to analyze the legal measures governing fee determination for e-waste management in Thailand, compare them with systems in other countries, and propose suitable and sustainable improvements. The findings reveal that Thailand does not have a clear Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) system, resulting in the financial burden falling on local authorities and the public. The prescribed fee rates do not reflect actual costs, there is a lack of effective enforcement measures and penalties, and no comprehensive monitoring and evaluation system is in place. In contrast, jurisdictions such as the European Union, Japan, the Republic of Korea, the Federal Republic of Germany, and the Republic of China (Taiwan) have adopted EPR principles alongside the establishment of centralized management organizations, integrated tracking systems, and fee structures based on the type and quantity of e-waste, which collectively enhance the sustainability of waste management systems. Therefore, it is recommended that Thailand revise its legal framework to mandate producer responsibility for e-waste management costs, establish an effective monitoring and evaluation system, set fee rates that reflect actual costs with periodic adjustments, develop recycling infrastructure, promote multi-sector collaboration, and create economic incentives to ensure a sustainable e-waste management system that aligns with international standards.