Saengtham College Journal

Application of Conscience of The Catholic Youth In The Second Deanery of The Archdiocese of Bangkok to The Right of Free Speech In Thai Society According to The Teaching of The Catholic Church.

2023-10-11T10:57:28+07:00

The aims of this qualitative research were to investigate the application of conscience of the catholic youth in the second deanery of the Archdiocese of Bangkok to the right of freedom of expression in Thai Society according to the teaching of the Catholic Church, and to establish the guidelines for the nourishment of conscience of the catholic youth to the right of freedom of expression in Thai Society. The qualitative data was collected from twelve catholic youths in the second deanery of the Archdiocese of Bangkok selected specifically and focused-group interviews of ten experts selected specifically. The data were analyzed by content analysis.

The results of this research reveal:

For the first aim, the research found that the exercise of conscience of the Catholic youth to the right of freedom of expression in Thai Society, there was some consistency between individuals, but the influencing factors differed. It is influenced by fundamentals such as family, education, social status, understanding of the teaching of the Catholic Church, and also by the participation in parish activities, especially those who play apart in the formation of personal conscience and a close relationship with God. Each factor plays a role and has a cumulative effect on individual attitudes for applying conscience to the right of freedom to express their opinions about various social issues. The research found that most of the Catholic youths selected apply conscience according to the teaching of the Catholic Church by researching and analyzing information in order to express their opinions carefully and deliberately, followed by contemplation of moral law, natural law, Christian law and the teaching of the Catholic Church, and then applying their conscience to analyze the effects. Preference is given to the common good over personal good. Contemplative prayer is used to listen to the voice of God before deciding to exercise freedom of expression, and they listen to others freely using reason rather than emotion.

For the second aim, to find the guidelines to nurture the conscience of the Catholic youth to the right of freedom of expression in Thai Society, the family, pastors and the associations of the Catholic Church in Thailand should cooperate to guide, train and nurture the right conscience in the youth, a correct understanding of conscience and the right of freedom according to the teaching of Jesus Christ and the catholic Church, and help them to put it into action infallibly and properly. They should also guide them in showing suitable respect to each other through conscience and the right to freedom in the spirit of the Gospel by implementing the following guidelines: (1) Families should teach and listen to young people and work to understand and relate to them. (2) The Church and families should work together to encourage young people to participate in church activities, such as Holy mass, the catechism and many different activities of the parish and the local church. (3) Within social groups, young people should exchange ideas, opinions, and attitudes with each other in order to practice expressing themselves freely. (4) Related institutions should instill in the youth the correct way to exercise their rights under supervision by the Church and allow young people to know how to exchange attitudes with each other effectively. With the right conscience, they can be free of prejudice and be equipped with ideals suitable for the future, so they can move forward with the Catholic Church. (5) The Catholic Church should offer the space where opinions and attitudes can be expressed freely and where they will be listened to under Church supervision in order to nurture good conscience in the youth to the right of freedom of expression in Thai society, so they can advance together through other levels of society

Development Of Student Care System Model In Watjantaram (Tangtrongjit 5) School Focusing On Functional Competency Of Classroom Teachers.

2021-11-22T10:59:10+07:00

The purpose of this rescarch was to develop a model of student support system in Watjantaram (Tangtrongjit 5) School, focusing of six teachers competency of the classroom teachers in the experimental group. The sample were six teachers by purposive sampling. The research instruments consisted of 5 sets: 1) the questionnaire on the problems of the student care system in Watjantaram (Tangtrongjit 5) School focusing on functional competency. 2) The model developed by the researcher applying the principles of student care of the Department of Mental Health, roles and duties of the classroom teacher, and related researches 3) efficiency evaluation form, 4) Experimental Action Plan, 5) the questionnaire for assessing efficiency, effectiveness, value and satisfaction to the model. The quality of the research tool examined content validity by IOC: Index of item objective congruence. The data analysis, were frequency, percentage, arithmetic mean, standard deviation and content analysis.

The results revealed that the problems related to the student care system in Watjantaram (Tangtrongjit 5) School focused on the performance of the classroom teachers at the overall problem was at a moderate level. The Model composed of six factors : 1) individual student acquaintance 2) student screening 3) promotion and development 4) prevention and correction 5) submission and 6) supervision, follow-up and evaluation. The results of using student care sytem at Watjantaram (Tangtrongjit 5) School emphasized the competency of the classroom teachers in terms of efficiency, effectiveness, value and satisfaction. There were at the highest levels. The results of this research should be utilized and extended in school administration.

A Discriminant Analysis of Factors Decision to Study The Undergraduate Program in Saengtham College.

2023-05-09T15:30:30+07:00

The purposes of this research are as follows: 1) to compare the factors affecting students' decision to choose to pursue further study, and 2) to study discrete
factors affecting students' decision to choose to pursue
further study. The samples consisted of 182 undergraduate students studying in the academic year 2022, selected by purposive sampling.
The instrument used for data collection was 1 copy of a questionnaire on discriminant factors affecting students' decision to study at the undergraduate level of Saengtham College, a 5-level estimation scale consisting of 55 items which were divided into personal factors, marketing mix, and psychological factors. The discriminant power (r) ranged from 0.22 - 0.94 and the reliability was 0.96. The data were analyzed using a ready-made processing program to find percentage, mean, standard deviation, and discriminant analysis.
The study found that:
A comparison of the differences in factors among students who made a decision to choose to study differently found that the factors of family income, product, price, place, promotion, people, process, physical evidence, future expectations in religious work, motivation for religious work and attitudes towards religious leaders were different as a statistically significant a level of .01 which indicated that the factors used in this study affected students' decision to choose to continue their studies. This is in line with the results of the discriminant factor analysis that affects the student's decision to choose to study further. There were 11 factors that were recruited into the discriminant equation, arranged in descending order of the standard coefficients, regardless of the sign, namely physical evidence, future expectations of religious work, product, family income, place, motivation for religious work, process, attitudes towards religious leaders, promotion, price, and people. The classification equation was able to predict the membership of different groups of students who decided to study in different groups correctly at 70.80 percent, with the classification equation. (Discriminant Function) as follows
Y = .727(Physical) - .525(Expectation) + .510(Product)
+ .408(family income) + .369(Place) + .343(Motivation)
- .335(Process) - .148(Attitude) + .077(Promotion)
- .076(Price) + .056(People)

Comparative Analytic of the Concept of Catholic Development and Sustainable Development.

2023-11-30T11:23:23+07:00

          This study has 3 objectives. It aimed to (1) study the concept of Catholic Development and Sustainable Development of the United Nations (2) analyze comparative between Goals of Catholic Development and Sustainable Development Goals of the United Nations, and (3) offer guidelines for the Social Work of Catholic Church.
          This study utilized a qualitative research design. Data were collected from documents through the online data-based and were analyzed by inductive content analysis.
          The data revealed the following findings. (1) Catholic development concept: It is the announcement of the good news and proclaim the Gospel. By focusing on the importance of human and social development; as God's people. While the concept of sustainable development is a reflection on the quality of life of humans and society, it’s about having good health by considering the basic elements of humanity in every dimension including the environment, which is an essential resource for human sustenance both now and in the future. (2) The consistency between the Catholic development goals and the sustainable development goals is that the Catholic Church has the development concepts and goals, which is the value of the Gospel. This value promotes and supports social mobility or social development to achieve the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. Catholic organizations and communities are important engines for driving development. Social work of Catholic Church heals and solves problems resulting from development and lead local society to achieve the goals of sustainable development. (3) The Catholic Church's guidelines for social development are that the Catholic Church should analyze the causes of social problems, and operate in all dimensions of development, including prevention, promotion, healing, and rehabilitation.

A Study Of Relationship Between Educational Leadership And Organizational Health Of Educational Institutions Under The Royal Thai Air Force.

2021-11-22T10:58:38+07:00

This research aimed to study : 1) the educational leadership of the school administrators under the Royal Thai Air Force, 2) the organizational health of educational institutions under the Royal Thai Air Force, 3) the relationship between educational leadership of the school administrators and organizational health of educational institutions in the Royal Thai Air Force, and 4) the guidelines for developing education leadership and organization health of educational institutions under the Royal Thai Air Force. The population used in this research are teachers and educational person under the Royal Thai Air Force, amounting to 2,881 people from 37 schools selected. The sample was stratified by proportional sampling using the school as a class to divide selected teachers and educational person using a simple random sampling method. A sample of 338 people. The research instrument was obtained is an opinion questionnaire with 5 levels of approximation. The confidence value was 0.986 and the interview form of the school administrators under the Royal Thai Air Force structured Interview. The data were analyzed including frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation and Pearson’s correlation coefficient.

The research results were found that : 1) the educational leadership of the school administrators under the Royal Thai Air Force both overall and each aspect at high level, 2) the organizational health of educational institutions under the Royal Thai Air Force both overall and in each aspect in good level. 3) the relationship between educational leadership and administrators and organizational health of educational institutions in the Royal Thai Air Force found that overall, there was a positive relationship (r = 0.906) with statistical significance at 0.01, and 4) the guideline for developing education leadership and organization health of educational institutions under the Royal Thai Air Force, including educational leadership. The leadership distribution use the four sublime states of mind principles consisting of loving-kindness, compassion, sympathetic joy and equanimity for organizational health resource support use the principles of good governance, consisting of the rule of law, morality, accountability, participation, responsibility and cost-effectiveness or economy

A Study of Relationship between Servant Leadership of administrators and Organizational Citizenship Behaviors of teachers in educational institutions under the Archdiocese of Bangkok Area 4.

2022-02-09T10:28:42+07:00

This research aimed to study: 1) the servant leadership of administrators under the Archdiocese of Bangkok Area 4 2) the organizational citizenship behaviors 3) the relationship between Servant Leadership and Organizational Citizenship Behaviors 4) the guidelines for developing Servant Leadership of Administrators and Organizational Citizenship Behaviors .A sample group was used in this research are teachers under the Archdiocese of Bangkok Area 4 semester 1 academic year 2021 amounting 254 people from 9 schools. The research instrument was obtained is an opinion questionnaire with 5 levels of approximation. The confidence value was 0.997 and 5 administrators of educational institutions using an interview form with structured content and questionnaires. The results were analyzed by descriptive essays. The data were analyzed including frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation and Pearson’s correlation coefficient. The research results were found that :1) the servant leadership of administrators both overall each aspect at high level, 2) the organizational citizenship behaviors of teachers under the Archdiocese of Bangkok Area 4 found that overall, at high level and each aspect at high level were including altruism, polite, and individual initiative. At highest level were including conscientiousness and loyalty boosterism, 3) the relationship between Servant Leadership and Organizational Citizenship Behaviors of Administrators found that overall, there was a positive relationship (r = 0.683) with statistical significance at .05, and 4) The guidelines for developing Servant Leadership and Organizational Citizenship Behaviors of Administrators. The data revealed that good administrators should listen to organizational citizenship. Open mined with different opinion even about Leader’s improvement. Present sincerity to member of the organization. Help and honor to the member of the organization. Encourage and provide advice to member of organization when members are discouraged or be tried of work or have personal problems. Understand their roles, be aware of the reality occurs within the organization. There’s the ability of rhetoric to persuade organizational citizenship to do their assigned tasks. Know how to solved problems. Has intellectual and emotional intelligence, able to turn crisis into opportunity appropriately. Could integrate current realities world and probabilities in the future for use in educational institution administration planning. There’s a passion of serving, and unitedly. Able to allocate budgets or organize an activity and make a good working environment.

Promoting The Virtue of Obedience for The Minor Seminarians of Saint Joseph Minor Seminary, Sampran, Nakhon Pathom.

2023-09-14T14:48:39+07:00

This mixed-method study aims to investigate : 1) how minor seminarians at Saint Joseph Minor Seminary in Sampran, Nakhon Pathom, practice obedience on their own; and 2) how guidelines for cultivating the virtue of obedience are developed for the minor seminarians at Saint Joseph Minor Seminary in Samphran, Nakhon Pathom. The sample of this study consisted of eighty-nine (89) seminarians of Saint Joseph Minor Seminary in Sampran, Nakhon Pathom. In this study, a set of questionnaires was used as the main research instrument. The obtained data were quantitatively analyzed using descriptive statistics, which includes the frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation. The data were collected through the focus group discussion with eleven experts, who were selected based entirely on researcher’s assessment known as selective sampling method. A focus group discussion was used, and the acquired data were analyzed using content analysis.

The results of this research reveal :

The minor seminarians at Saint Joseph Minor Seminary in Sampran, Nakhon Pathom, have a high level of self-practiced obedience (= 3.89, SD.= 0.419). When taken a careful consideration, the virtue of obedience was practiced at a high level both outside the seminary (= 3.91, SD.= 0.519) and inside the seminary (= 3.68, SD.= 0.417)
The following recommendations are strongly advised for minor seminarians at Saint Joseph Minor Seminary to promote the virtue of obedience, according to research findings:

2.1 When giving the formation, all formators are expected to work collectively. For the future formation and growth of any potential priests, they should all have the same objective. The formators are strongly encouraged to make a concerted effort to help the seminarians realize the significance of this particular virtue to them. In order to facilitate the seminarians' formation and development processes and integrate psychological principles into their formation training, they should also create a strong and personal relationship with them. This also entails utilizing communication strategies and group-formation procedures that are appropriate for the current social conditions. Additionally, the formators have to put in every effort to arrange meetings with the seminarians' parents, teachers, and pastors.

2.2 The pastors should ensure that those who are interested in attending the priestly formation are well-prepared in their parish church and have a fundamental comprehension of the formation prior to their participation. The pastors should also have a good and intimate relationship with the seminarians or those who are interested in the priestly formation in their parish church. The pastors should also have a good and personal relationship with the seminarians or those who are interested in the priestly formation in their parish church. In addition, the pastors should seize every opportunity to interact with the formators of the seminary as frequently as necessary.

2.3 All teachers and educational formators should work collaboratively with Saint Joseph Minor Seminary to the best of their abilities in order to provide the seminarians with ongoing formation through the provision of role models and the development of respectful relationships with all seminarians. Teachers and educational formators should seize every opportunity to interact and communicate with seminary formators.

2.4 The parents of seminarians should collaborate with Saint Joseph Minor Seminary to the best of their abilities in order to facilitate the seminarians' ongoing formation. They must really work with the seminary, and there should be an opportunity for the parents and the formators to interact and communicate with one another.

2.5 The seminarians or those who are interested in participating in the priestly formation should have acquired a fundamental awareness of the seminary’s objectives and the patterns of priestly formation prior to enrolling at the seminary and/or starting the training process. This will assist them in comprehending and appreciating the conformity of the virtue of obedience. Seminarians should also have the courage to seek advice or counsel from their formators. This should be done on a regular basis.

Promoting The Virtue of Chastity for Lux Mundi Seminarians.

2023-08-30T15:48:43+07:00

PROMOTING THE VIRTUE OF CHASITY FOR LUX MUNDI SEMINARIANS, the purposes of this were; 1) to study behavior according to the virtue of Lux Mundi Seminarians and 2) to study guidelines to promote the virtue of Lux Mundi Seminarians.The sample were 81 Lux Mundi Seminarians. The data collected by using the questionnaire and focus group discussion. The data were analyzed by frequency, percentage, arithmetic mean, standard deviation and content analysis.

The findings were as follows :

Lux Mundi Seminarians have conducting oneself according to virtue of chastity. Overall, it was at the highest level (= 4.53, S.D. = 0.400), When considering each aspect, it was found that areas 1-5 were at the highest level. By ranking the practices in each aspect from the highest to lowest, the first aspect was independent decision-making (= 4.67, S.D.= 0.473), following by understanding and appreciation of moral purity ( = 4.66, S.D. = 0.399), intimacy with others ( = 4.57, S.D. = 0.442), spirituality ( = 4.57, S.D. = 0.494) and emotional maturity (= 4.56, S.D.= 0.422)
Guidelines for promoting the virtue of chastity of Lux Mundi Seminarians according to the opinions of experts were as follows:

2.1 In terms of independent decision-making should be encouraged Lux Mundi Seminarians to be aware of independent decision-making to remain single and to remain chaste voluntarily and there must be love for everyone and have self-sacrifice to love everyone.

2.2 In understanding and appreciating the virtue of chastity, Lux Mundi Seminarians should be encouraged to understand and appreciate the virtue of chastity as it is truly grace of God being given to those who have committed themselves to be ministers of the Catholic Church by devoting themselves to God and others. It is an imitation of Jesus, Mary and the saints who have devoted themselves to celibacy and to remain chaste in continuing the mission of the Lord Jesus in this world.

2.3 In terms of relationship with others should be encouraged Lux Mundi Seminarians to realize that the Catholic Church is their new family. Emphasizing the importance of community life in order to have closed relations with others in a appropriated manner to their own status as the ministers of the Church. Especially towards another opposite sex wishing boundary as a colleague for the ministry of God.

2.4 In terms of spiritual life, Lux Mundi Seminarians should be encouraged to live their life according to the Word of God. They are ought to adhere to the virtue of chastity both physically and mentally, always have a closed relationship with God through the Blessed Sacrament, the Eucharist and the Sacrament of Penance, applied solitude to live with God, especially in meditation, examination of conscience every day, and they are likely encouraged to have spiritual director.

2.5 In terms of emotional maturity, Lux Mundi Seminarians should be encouraged live a balanced life, emotionally and mentally, concentration and mindful awareness of the needs, especially the sexual motives, give up passion, understand and be aware of online media and certain types of media that will arouse sexual arousal, resulting in lack of maturity and love of one's own dignity. And they are to be aware of the admonition of the teaching formators as helping to develop those who prepare to become priests.

2.6 Formators of Lux Mundi Seminarians should be attention, follow and give apply personally to Lux Mundi Seminarians, especially those who have difficulties in unity of community life or those who do not act as if they are preparing themselves to the life of calibacy and chastity.

Guidelines for Teaching Christian Education to Learners in The 21st Century: Case Study of Local Churches in The 7th Ministerial Unit Under The 1st District of The Church of Christ in Thailand.

2022-02-08T15:07:42+07:00

This study aims to survey problems and challenges that the local churches in the 7^th ministerial unit under the 1^st district of the Church of Christ in Thailand face in regards of Christian Education. It also aims to present guidelines for teaching Christian Education to learners in the 21^st century, with an emphasis on learners between 6-12 years old. The data were collected from 20 members of the five local churches in the 7^th ministerial unit under the 1^st district of the Church of Christ in Thailand. These five local churches are Chang Kam Church, Surbpaphon Church, Tungtom Church, Nongbuasam Church, and Pangpimontham Church.

From this research, it is found that the key problems the local churches face are related to both the teachers and the management of Christian education ministry. The problems include the limitation of Christian education teachers, the absence of a Christian education team or committee, and the discontinuity of trainings for Christian education teachers. The main challenges for the local churches in doing Christian education ministry have to do with the characteristics of the 21^st century learners as well as the training and recruitment of teachers.

The guidelines for teaching Christian Education to learners in the 21^st century presented in this research are constructed from the discussion of the research findings and the researcher’s interpretation of the findings through the lenses of selected learning theories, faith development theory, and learning skills needed for the 21^st century. With the understanding that Christian education is the process of teaching and learning, as well as nurturing Christian faith in the lives of learners, the researcher presents guidelines for teaching Christian education to learners in the 21^st century. The guidelines contain 5 integrated components: 1) teach with love, 2) be aware of readiness, 3) use various teaching methods, 4) stimulate the learners’ participation, 5) take on the role of the coach.

Ethical Climate, Personnel Engagements and Job Satisfaction in The Nakhonsawan Diocesan Schools in Thailand.

2021-12-13T15:02:53+07:00

This research delved into the ethical climate, personnel engagement and job satisfaction levels of administrators, teachers and non-teaching staff in the schools owned and managed by the Diocese of Nakhonsawan. It aimed to produce an intervention program that will help increase if not sustain the above-mentioned variables. This study was administered to 694 respondents in eight (8) schools of the Diocese of Nakhonsawan. It used descriptive/correlational design to examine the relationship between and among administrators, teachers and non-teaching staff’s ethical climate, employee engagement and job satisfaction levels. The data were statistically analyzed using percentages, mean and SD, one-way ANOVA, and the Pearson Correlation Coefficient (r). The result shows that respondents across all schools exhibit high levels of ethical climate, job satisfaction and employee engagement; although there are significant difference on the result of respondents among domains, location and respondents. The respondents also uncovered concerns and problems related to the above-stated study variables. An intervention program was designed to address the concerns re ethical climate, job satisfaction and personnel engagement levels of the respondents with the hope to yield productive, engaged, satisfied and competent administrators, teachers and non-teaching staff.

Creative leadership of Suphankanlaya Administration in Suphanuri secondary Educational Service Area Office in the New Normal era.

2022-02-08T14:48:35+07:00

The objective if this study were 1. To study the creative leadership Suphankanlaya Administration in Suphanburi secondary Educational Service Area Office in the New Normal era. 2. To compare about Creative leadership of Suphankanlaya Administration in Suphanuri secondary Educational Service Area Office in the New Normal era by classifying age, education level and working experiences. A sample was selected from 292 teachers in 8 schools , using random stratified by stratification in each educational institution and 169 teachers were obtained. The tools were used to collect data was a questionnaires. They were classified opinions about 5 levels with a confidence value 0.960. The statistics were used in the data analysis were frequency , percentage , mean and standard deviation. Comparison using t-test (Independent Samples), One – Way ANOA.

The findings indicated that 1) creative leadership Suphankanlaya Administration in Suphanburi secondary Educational Service Area Office in the New Normal era. The overall level was at the highest level. 2) To compare about Creative leadership of Suphankanlaya Administration in Suphanuri secondary Educational Service Area Office in the New Normal era, overall result classified by age. There was no statistically significant difference at the .05 level which did not satisfy the set assumptions. Classified by education level and work experience classification Overall, the difference was statistically significant at the .05 level, which was in line with the hypothesis.

The State of Administration According to the Four Sublime States of Mind of the Head of an Educational Institution, Office of the Private Education Commission, Dusit District, Bangkok.

2022-02-22T10:11:15+07:00

The objectives of this research were: 1) to study the administrative conditions of administration according to Four sublime states of mind of school administrators. 2) to compare the administration according to the Four sublime states of mind of the school administrators by gender, education level, and work experience. The population used in this research was 705 teachers from 13 schools under the Office of the Private Education Commission, Dusit District, Bangkok. The 248 samples were selected from a stratified random sampling according to the proportion of the population in each school. The research instrument was obtained is an opinion questionnaire with 5 levels of approximation. The confidence value was 0.992. The data were analyzed using frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, comparison using t-tests (Independent Samples) and One-Way ANOVA.

The results of the research showed that: 1) the administrative conditions of four sublime states of mind of school administrators according to the opinions of teachers under the Office of the Private Education Commission, Dusit District, Bangkok found that overall at highest level 2) The results of comparing by using the four sublime states of mind of educational institute administrators found that different gender and different work experience has no differences opinions about the four sublime states of mind of principles in overall and each aspect. Teachers who has different educational level found that overall were different opinions about using of the Four sublime states of mind of educational institution with statistical significant at .05

The Catholic Church’s Teaching on Civil Union of the Same-Sex Couple.

2023-11-30T13:44:35+07:00

This article is a descriptive study of the Catholic Church’s teaching on civil union of the same-sex couple. The initial part of the study presents the actual situation of Thai civil union and its possibility to be promulgated.

The main part of the study focuses on the argumentations against any kinds of civil unions of the Catholic Church’s teaching. The argumentations are both based on the faith in the Bible and the reason derived from the nature of family that needs the figures of father and mother for raising their children. The practical guidelines for catholic politicians are also given.

Liberation from the Present Evil Age “In Christ”: Pauline Soteriology in the Epistle to the Galatians.

2023-03-22T10:21:53+07:00

Generally, soteriology in the Epistle to the Galatians is mainly portrayed with juridical image. However, the group of biblical scholars who read Paul’s letters through apocalyptic perspective argues that he presents his soteriology in this letter with Jewish apocalyptic aspect as well. Throughout this letter, Paul also points out that salvation is the divine liberation from the evil powers and this liberation comes to humanity through our participation in Christ’s death and resurrection. Through our participation in Christ’s death, our old self was co-crucified with Christ and through our participation in Christ’s resurrection, we were raised to live our new life as the new creation. Moreover, Paul also points out that there is a transfer of believers from the present evil age to the new mode of existence “in Christ” which is the space where the evil powers are no longer a threat. In this new sphere of power, the believers will be ruled by divine power through the Holy Spirit. This apocalyptic soteriology is more appealing to Thais in their religious context, and it would be easier for them to accept and be relatable to the Gospel rather than the juridical soteriology.

Feuerbach's critique of Christianity.

2023-05-31T12:45:03+07:00

I divide this article into; 1. Feuerbach: A biographical summary, 2. The early influence of Hegel, 3. Feuerbach as a “Left Hegelian”, 4. The purpose of Feuerbach’s work, 5. Feuerbach’s early works, 6. Feuerbach’s reflections on religion, 7. From theology to anthropology and 8. The influence of Feuerbach.