Mocked and Shamed: Satirical News and Its Effects on Organizational Reputation
Article Sidebar
Published:
Jul 19, 2019
Keywords:
Satire news sites Social media Social media crises Crisis management Reputation management
Main Article Content
Abstract
With fake news the rage (Tavernise, 2016), this study examines one form of fake news, satire news (Reilly, 2010). This study examines factors that lead satire news to be created, how they are used to criticize organizations and the impact on reputations. News on five satire news sites – The Onion (US), New Nation (Singapore), The Shovel (Australia), NewsThump (UK), and Der Postillon (Germany) – were analyzed using social media monitoring tools. Findings suggested that crises or paracrises (Coombs & Holladay, 2012) were likely to be exacerbated. While its effects are not immediate, satire news may have impact on organizations’ reputations over time. Satirical news sites have increased in recent years (Koziol, 2014). Insights add to understanding of the phenomenon of fake news. Anchored on the contingency theory of strategic conflict management (Pang, Jin, & Cameron, 2010), a framework for organizational response is proposed for practitioners to use.
Article Details
Section
Articles
References
Allegretti, A. (2016, September 14). People Are More Furious About Bake Off's Move To Channel 4 Than Brexit. Retrieved May 15, 2019, from https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/ entry/people-are-proper-furious-about-bake-offs-move-to-channel-4-without-mel-and-sue_uk_57d904b6e4b00f741734e69b? guccounter=1&guce_referrer=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ29vZ2xlLmNvbS8&guce_referrer_sig=AQAAAHdTGRARDq9eQR9sI86SxI_01n-6Z_ZQe3TZ-uuw6hzhE_YwTb Y1xfPV7O9qzIBZoyowNDX7g_wXXiIy4V9JpbQJPSQNgFPB1UD4qqYpOVHo_6_uw5VFOYL2GGtFkt9WU-irbeNvHCm_Rqe_qf56MPb1bLxrPrQ8ApANl4Wrl6Ga
Barnes, N.G. (2010). How do the most successful companies use social media? Tweeting and blogging to the top. American Marketing Association. Retrieved from https://archive.ama.org/archive/ResourceLibrary/MarketingResearch/documents/Tweeting.pdf
BBC Trending. (2016, November 6). The rise and rise of fake news. BBC. Retrieved November 7, 2016 from https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-trending-37846860
Blake, I. (2016, October 20). It will never be better than this again: Bake Off fans go into mourning ahead of the last ever episode to star Mary Berry, Mel and Sue. Daily Mail Online. Retrieved on October 22, 2016 from https://www.dailymail.co.uk/ femail/food/article-3854844/Bake-fans-mourn-Twitter-look-ahead-episode-Mary-Berry-Mel-Sue.html
Brancatisano, E. (2016, March 18). Telstra network outage: CEO apologises, offers free data day for customers. Huffington Post Australia. Retrieved on August 30, 2017, from https://www.huffingtonpost.com.au/2016/03/18/telstra-outage-ceo_n_9490258.html
Bridgeman, R. (2008). Crisis communication and the net: Is it just about responding faster... or do we need to learn a new game? In P. F. Anthonissen (Ed.), Crisis communication: Practical PR strategies for reputation management and organization survival (pp. 169–177). Philadelphia, PA: Kogan Page.
Cameron, G. T., Cropp, F., & Reber, B. H. (2001). Getting past platitudes: Factors limiting accommodation in public relations. Journal of Communication Management, 5(3), 242–261.
Cameron, G. T., Wilcox, D. L., Reber, B. H., & Shin, J. H. (2008). Public Relations Today: Managing Competition and Conflict, 1st ed., Boston, MA: Pearson Education, Inc.
Cancel, A. E., Cameron, G. T., Sallot, I. M., & Mitrook, M. A. (1997). It depends: A contingency theory of accommodation in public relations. Journal of Public Relations Research, 9(1), 31–63.
Cancel, A.E., Mitrook, M.A., & Cameron, G.T. (1999). Testing the contingency theory of accommodation in public relations. Journal of Public Relations Research, 25(2), 171-197. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0363-8111(99)80161-1
Chin, D. (2016a, October 16). Sex-in-small-space comment gets a lot of online space. The Straits Times. Retrieved August 30, 2017 from https://www.straitstimes.com/opinion/st-editorial/sex-in-small-space-comment-gets-a-lot-of-online-space
Chin, D. (2016b, November 13). Fake news makes really good money. The Straits Times. Retrieved November 13, 2016 from https://www.straitstimes.com/opinion/fake-news-makes-really-good-money?utm_campaign=Echobox&utm_medium=Social
&utm_source=Facebook&xtor=CS1-10
Coombs, W.T., & Holladay, J.S. (2012). The paracrisis: The challenges created by publicly managing crisis prevention. Public Relations Review, 38(3), 408-415.
Crittenden, V., Hopkins, L., & Simmons, J. (2011). Satirists as opinion leaders: is social media redefining roles?. Journal Of Public Affairs, 11(3), 174-180. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pa.400
Elliott, R. (n.d.). Satire. In Encyclopedia Britannica online. Retrieved from https://global.britannica.com/art/satire
Feldman, J. (2016, October 17). #BillyBushMadeMeDoIt explodes on Twitter, mocking Melania saying Bush ‘egged on’ Trump. Mediaite. Retrieved November 12, 2016 from https://www.mediaite.com/online/billybushmademedoit-explodes-on-twitter-mocking-melania-saying-bush-egged-on-trump/
Folkenflik, D. (2016, January 19). Area satirical publication The Onion sold to Univision (Seriously). NPR.org. Retrieved October 3, 2016, from https://www.npr.org/sections/ thetwo-way/2016/01/19/463535648/area-satiric-publication-the-onion-sold-to-univision-seriously
Griffin, A. (2008). New strategies for reputation management: Gaining control of issues, crises & corporate social responsibility. Philadelphia, PA: Kogan Page.
Ho, B., Pang, A., Auyong, G., & Lau, L. (2014). Enduring image: Capturing defining moments in crises. Public Relations Review, 40(3), 519-525. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ j.pubrev.2014.03.008
Hilse, M., & Hoewner, J. (1998). The communication crisis in the Internet and what one can do against it. In M. Crimp (Ed.), Interactive Enterprise Communication (pp. 137-154). Frankfurt: IMK
Itule, B.D., & Anderson, D.A. (2008). News writing and reporting for today’s media (7th ed., pp. 15-16). Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill.
Joyce, G. (2016). The social data review of Great British Bake Off 2016. Brandwatch. Retrieved from https://www.brandwatch.com/blog/react-the-social-data-review-of-great-british-bake-off-2016/
Keighley, G. (2003, August 29). The Onion: Funny site is no joke. CNN. Retrieved October 2, 2016 from https://edition.cnn.com/2003/TECH/ptech/08/28/bus2.feat.onion. site/index.html
Kim, S. (2015, June 1). All the times people were fooled by The Onion. ABC News. Retrieved October 5, 2016 from https://abcnews.go.com/International/times-people-fooled-onion/story?id=31444478
Kirschbaum E., & Shalal, A. (2016, September 4). German anti-immigrant party beats Merkel in her home district. Reuters.com. Retrieved August 30, 2017 from https://www.reuters.com/article/us-germany-election-idUSKCN1190XG
Koerber, R. (2016, June 30). Yet another Telstra outage hits customers, and they are pissed. The Huffington Post (Australia). Retrieved November 12, 2016 from https://www.huffingtonpost.com.au/2016/06/30/yet-another-telstra-outage-hits-customers-and-they-are-pissed/
Koziol, M. (2014, June 10). New crop of satirical news sites blur the line. The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved October 3, 2016 from https://www.smh.com.au/digital-life/digital-life-news/new-crop-of-satirical-news-sites-blur-the-line-20140610-zs2j1.html
Lay, B. (2016, October 13). Comic reactions to Josephine ‘You need a very small space to have sex’ Teo’s comment. Mothership.sg. Retrieved November 12, 2016 from https://mothership.sg/2016/10/comic-reactions-to-josephine-you-need-a-very-small-space-to-have-sex-teos-comment/
LeBoeuf, M. (2007). The power of ridicule: An analysis of satire. Retrieved from University of Rhode IslandDigitalCommons@URI. Paper 63. https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/ srhonorsprog/63
Martin, R., Puhlik-Doris, P., Larsen, G., Gray, J., & Weir, K. (2003). Individual differences in uses of humor and their relation to psychological well-being: Development of the Humor Styles Questionnaire. Journal Of Research In Personality, 37(1), 48-75. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0092-6566(02)00534-2
McLeay, B. (2016, March 23). WTF is going on with Telstra? And if not them, who? SBS.com.au. Retrieved on August 30, 2017 from https://www.sbs.com.au/comedy/ article/2016/03/23/wtf-going-telstra-and-if-not-them-who
Mitchell, A., Gottfried, J., Barthel, M., Shearer, E. (2016, July 7). The modern news consumer: News attitudes and practices in the digital era. Pew Research Center: Journalism & Media. Retrieved from https://www.journalism.org/2016/07/07/pathways-to-news
O’Reilly, T. (2007). What is Web 2.0: Design patterns and business models for the next generation of software. Communications & Strategies, 65, 17-37.
Ott, L. & Theunissen, P. (2015). Reputations at risk: Engagement during social media crises. Public Relations Review, 41(1), 97-102. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ j.pubrev.2014.10.015
Pang, A. (2013). Social Media Hype in times of crises: Nature, characteristics and impact on organizations. Asia Pacific Media Educator, 23(2), 309-336. https://dx.doi.org/ 10.1177/1326365x13517189
Pang, A., Jin, Y., & Cameron, G. T. (2010). Strategic management of communication: Insights from the Contingency Theory of strategic conflict management. In R. L. Heath (Ed.), Sage Handbook of Public Relations (pp. 17-34). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications
Pang, A., Limsico, J., Phong, L., Lareza, B. J. L., & S. Y. Low. (2018). Reputational damage in Twitter #Hijack: Factors, dynamics and response strategies for crowd sourced campaigns. In P. Vasterman (Ed). From media hype to twitter storm: News explosions and their impact on issues, crises and public opinion (pp. 355 – 382). Amsterdam, Netherlands: University of Amsterdam Press.
Pang, A., Nasrath, B., & Chong, A. (2014). Negotiating crisis in the social media environment. Corporate Communications: An International Journal, 19(1), 96-118. https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ccij-09-2012-0064
Phillips, D., & Young, P. (2009). Online public relations: A practical guide to developing an online strategy in the world of social media. Philadelphia, PA: Kogan Page Ltd.
Rosen, C. (2016, October 19). Trevor Noah mocks Melania Trump's ‘teenage boy’ defense of Donald Trump. Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved November 12, 2016 from https://www.ew.com/article/2016/10/19/trevor-noah-melania-trump
Rubin, V.L., Conroy, N.J., Chen, Y., & Cornwall, S. (2016). Fake news or truth? Using satirical cues to detect potentially misleading news. Proceedings of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies (7–17). San Diego, CA: Association for Computational Linguistics. Retrieved from https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W/W16/W16-0802.pdf
Russell, M. (2016, October 19). Laura Benanti returns to ‘The Late Show’ to spoof Melania Trump. CNN. Retrieved November 12, 2016 from https://edition.cnn.com/2016/10/19/ entertainment/melania-trump-laura-benanti-stephen-colbert-interview-trnd/
Ryder, S. (2016, September 22). Great British Bake Off: The oven gloves are split as Mary leaves and Paul stays. BBC. Retrieved November 12, 2016 from https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-37440468
Sandwell, I. (2016, September 12). Everyone is furious about the Great British Bake Off leaving the BBC. Digitalspy.com. Retrieved on August 30, 2017, from https://www.digitalspy.com/tv/great-british-bake-off/news/a807698/bake-off-leaving-bbc-reactions/
Thet, N.N. (2016a, October 12). Josephine Teo says you don’t need a flat before making babies, S’poreans disagree vehemently. Mothership.sg. Retrieved on August 30, 2017, from https://mothership.sg/2016/10/josephine-teo-said-you-dont-need-a-flat-before-making-babies-sporeans-disagree-vehemently/
Thet, N.N. (2016b, October 13). S’pore Twitter came up with list of great small spaces for couples to have sex in. Mothership.sg. Retrieved on November 12, 2016 from https://mothership.sg/2016/10/spore-twitter-came-up-with-list-of-great-small-spaces-for-couples-to-have-sex-in/
Thomson, H. (2008). Wikis, Blogs & Web 2.0 technology. University of Melbourne. Retrieved October 3, 2016 from https://copyright.unimelb.edu.au/__data/assets/ pdf_file/0011/1773830/wikisblogsweb2blue.pdf
Vaillant, G.E. (1977). Adaptation to life. Toronto: Little, Brown, & Co.
Veil, S., Reno, J., Freihaut, R., & Oldham, J. (2015). Online activists vs. Kraft foods: A case of social media hijacking. Public Relations Review, 41(1), 103-108. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2014.11.017
Wagstaff, K. (2016, October, 18). The internet takes a page from Melania Trump and blames Billy Bush for everything. Mashable.com. Retrieved on August 30, 2017, from https://mashable.com/2016/10/17/billy-bush-made-me-do-it/#qnQDNK2UJmqQ
Wan, S., Koh, R., Ong, A., & Pang, A. (2015). Parody social media accounts: Influence and impact on organizations during crisis. Public Relations Review, 41(3), 381-385. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2015.01.002
Watson, L. (2016, September 22). Great British Break Off: Mary Berry quits as BBC plots rival to Paul Hollywood's new Channel 4 show. The Telegraph. Retrieved November 12, 2016 from https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/09/22/mary-berry-quits-great-british-bake-off-saying-she-will-stay-wit/
Yin, R. K. (1984). Case study research: Design and methods. Newbury Park, CA: Sage
Ziv, A. (1984). Personality and sense of humor. New York, NY: Springer.
Barnes, N.G. (2010). How do the most successful companies use social media? Tweeting and blogging to the top. American Marketing Association. Retrieved from https://archive.ama.org/archive/ResourceLibrary/MarketingResearch/documents/Tweeting.pdf
BBC Trending. (2016, November 6). The rise and rise of fake news. BBC. Retrieved November 7, 2016 from https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-trending-37846860
Blake, I. (2016, October 20). It will never be better than this again: Bake Off fans go into mourning ahead of the last ever episode to star Mary Berry, Mel and Sue. Daily Mail Online. Retrieved on October 22, 2016 from https://www.dailymail.co.uk/ femail/food/article-3854844/Bake-fans-mourn-Twitter-look-ahead-episode-Mary-Berry-Mel-Sue.html
Brancatisano, E. (2016, March 18). Telstra network outage: CEO apologises, offers free data day for customers. Huffington Post Australia. Retrieved on August 30, 2017, from https://www.huffingtonpost.com.au/2016/03/18/telstra-outage-ceo_n_9490258.html
Bridgeman, R. (2008). Crisis communication and the net: Is it just about responding faster... or do we need to learn a new game? In P. F. Anthonissen (Ed.), Crisis communication: Practical PR strategies for reputation management and organization survival (pp. 169–177). Philadelphia, PA: Kogan Page.
Cameron, G. T., Cropp, F., & Reber, B. H. (2001). Getting past platitudes: Factors limiting accommodation in public relations. Journal of Communication Management, 5(3), 242–261.
Cameron, G. T., Wilcox, D. L., Reber, B. H., & Shin, J. H. (2008). Public Relations Today: Managing Competition and Conflict, 1st ed., Boston, MA: Pearson Education, Inc.
Cancel, A. E., Cameron, G. T., Sallot, I. M., & Mitrook, M. A. (1997). It depends: A contingency theory of accommodation in public relations. Journal of Public Relations Research, 9(1), 31–63.
Cancel, A.E., Mitrook, M.A., & Cameron, G.T. (1999). Testing the contingency theory of accommodation in public relations. Journal of Public Relations Research, 25(2), 171-197. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0363-8111(99)80161-1
Chin, D. (2016a, October 16). Sex-in-small-space comment gets a lot of online space. The Straits Times. Retrieved August 30, 2017 from https://www.straitstimes.com/opinion/st-editorial/sex-in-small-space-comment-gets-a-lot-of-online-space
Chin, D. (2016b, November 13). Fake news makes really good money. The Straits Times. Retrieved November 13, 2016 from https://www.straitstimes.com/opinion/fake-news-makes-really-good-money?utm_campaign=Echobox&utm_medium=Social
&utm_source=Facebook&xtor=CS1-10
Coombs, W.T., & Holladay, J.S. (2012). The paracrisis: The challenges created by publicly managing crisis prevention. Public Relations Review, 38(3), 408-415.
Crittenden, V., Hopkins, L., & Simmons, J. (2011). Satirists as opinion leaders: is social media redefining roles?. Journal Of Public Affairs, 11(3), 174-180. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pa.400
Elliott, R. (n.d.). Satire. In Encyclopedia Britannica online. Retrieved from https://global.britannica.com/art/satire
Feldman, J. (2016, October 17). #BillyBushMadeMeDoIt explodes on Twitter, mocking Melania saying Bush ‘egged on’ Trump. Mediaite. Retrieved November 12, 2016 from https://www.mediaite.com/online/billybushmademedoit-explodes-on-twitter-mocking-melania-saying-bush-egged-on-trump/
Folkenflik, D. (2016, January 19). Area satirical publication The Onion sold to Univision (Seriously). NPR.org. Retrieved October 3, 2016, from https://www.npr.org/sections/ thetwo-way/2016/01/19/463535648/area-satiric-publication-the-onion-sold-to-univision-seriously
Griffin, A. (2008). New strategies for reputation management: Gaining control of issues, crises & corporate social responsibility. Philadelphia, PA: Kogan Page.
Ho, B., Pang, A., Auyong, G., & Lau, L. (2014). Enduring image: Capturing defining moments in crises. Public Relations Review, 40(3), 519-525. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ j.pubrev.2014.03.008
Hilse, M., & Hoewner, J. (1998). The communication crisis in the Internet and what one can do against it. In M. Crimp (Ed.), Interactive Enterprise Communication (pp. 137-154). Frankfurt: IMK
Itule, B.D., & Anderson, D.A. (2008). News writing and reporting for today’s media (7th ed., pp. 15-16). Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill.
Joyce, G. (2016). The social data review of Great British Bake Off 2016. Brandwatch. Retrieved from https://www.brandwatch.com/blog/react-the-social-data-review-of-great-british-bake-off-2016/
Keighley, G. (2003, August 29). The Onion: Funny site is no joke. CNN. Retrieved October 2, 2016 from https://edition.cnn.com/2003/TECH/ptech/08/28/bus2.feat.onion. site/index.html
Kim, S. (2015, June 1). All the times people were fooled by The Onion. ABC News. Retrieved October 5, 2016 from https://abcnews.go.com/International/times-people-fooled-onion/story?id=31444478
Kirschbaum E., & Shalal, A. (2016, September 4). German anti-immigrant party beats Merkel in her home district. Reuters.com. Retrieved August 30, 2017 from https://www.reuters.com/article/us-germany-election-idUSKCN1190XG
Koerber, R. (2016, June 30). Yet another Telstra outage hits customers, and they are pissed. The Huffington Post (Australia). Retrieved November 12, 2016 from https://www.huffingtonpost.com.au/2016/06/30/yet-another-telstra-outage-hits-customers-and-they-are-pissed/
Koziol, M. (2014, June 10). New crop of satirical news sites blur the line. The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved October 3, 2016 from https://www.smh.com.au/digital-life/digital-life-news/new-crop-of-satirical-news-sites-blur-the-line-20140610-zs2j1.html
Lay, B. (2016, October 13). Comic reactions to Josephine ‘You need a very small space to have sex’ Teo’s comment. Mothership.sg. Retrieved November 12, 2016 from https://mothership.sg/2016/10/comic-reactions-to-josephine-you-need-a-very-small-space-to-have-sex-teos-comment/
LeBoeuf, M. (2007). The power of ridicule: An analysis of satire. Retrieved from University of Rhode IslandDigitalCommons@URI. Paper 63. https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/ srhonorsprog/63
Martin, R., Puhlik-Doris, P., Larsen, G., Gray, J., & Weir, K. (2003). Individual differences in uses of humor and their relation to psychological well-being: Development of the Humor Styles Questionnaire. Journal Of Research In Personality, 37(1), 48-75. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0092-6566(02)00534-2
McLeay, B. (2016, March 23). WTF is going on with Telstra? And if not them, who? SBS.com.au. Retrieved on August 30, 2017 from https://www.sbs.com.au/comedy/ article/2016/03/23/wtf-going-telstra-and-if-not-them-who
Mitchell, A., Gottfried, J., Barthel, M., Shearer, E. (2016, July 7). The modern news consumer: News attitudes and practices in the digital era. Pew Research Center: Journalism & Media. Retrieved from https://www.journalism.org/2016/07/07/pathways-to-news
O’Reilly, T. (2007). What is Web 2.0: Design patterns and business models for the next generation of software. Communications & Strategies, 65, 17-37.
Ott, L. & Theunissen, P. (2015). Reputations at risk: Engagement during social media crises. Public Relations Review, 41(1), 97-102. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ j.pubrev.2014.10.015
Pang, A. (2013). Social Media Hype in times of crises: Nature, characteristics and impact on organizations. Asia Pacific Media Educator, 23(2), 309-336. https://dx.doi.org/ 10.1177/1326365x13517189
Pang, A., Jin, Y., & Cameron, G. T. (2010). Strategic management of communication: Insights from the Contingency Theory of strategic conflict management. In R. L. Heath (Ed.), Sage Handbook of Public Relations (pp. 17-34). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications
Pang, A., Limsico, J., Phong, L., Lareza, B. J. L., & S. Y. Low. (2018). Reputational damage in Twitter #Hijack: Factors, dynamics and response strategies for crowd sourced campaigns. In P. Vasterman (Ed). From media hype to twitter storm: News explosions and their impact on issues, crises and public opinion (pp. 355 – 382). Amsterdam, Netherlands: University of Amsterdam Press.
Pang, A., Nasrath, B., & Chong, A. (2014). Negotiating crisis in the social media environment. Corporate Communications: An International Journal, 19(1), 96-118. https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ccij-09-2012-0064
Phillips, D., & Young, P. (2009). Online public relations: A practical guide to developing an online strategy in the world of social media. Philadelphia, PA: Kogan Page Ltd.
Rosen, C. (2016, October 19). Trevor Noah mocks Melania Trump's ‘teenage boy’ defense of Donald Trump. Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved November 12, 2016 from https://www.ew.com/article/2016/10/19/trevor-noah-melania-trump
Rubin, V.L., Conroy, N.J., Chen, Y., & Cornwall, S. (2016). Fake news or truth? Using satirical cues to detect potentially misleading news. Proceedings of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies (7–17). San Diego, CA: Association for Computational Linguistics. Retrieved from https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W/W16/W16-0802.pdf
Russell, M. (2016, October 19). Laura Benanti returns to ‘The Late Show’ to spoof Melania Trump. CNN. Retrieved November 12, 2016 from https://edition.cnn.com/2016/10/19/ entertainment/melania-trump-laura-benanti-stephen-colbert-interview-trnd/
Ryder, S. (2016, September 22). Great British Bake Off: The oven gloves are split as Mary leaves and Paul stays. BBC. Retrieved November 12, 2016 from https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-37440468
Sandwell, I. (2016, September 12). Everyone is furious about the Great British Bake Off leaving the BBC. Digitalspy.com. Retrieved on August 30, 2017, from https://www.digitalspy.com/tv/great-british-bake-off/news/a807698/bake-off-leaving-bbc-reactions/
Thet, N.N. (2016a, October 12). Josephine Teo says you don’t need a flat before making babies, S’poreans disagree vehemently. Mothership.sg. Retrieved on August 30, 2017, from https://mothership.sg/2016/10/josephine-teo-said-you-dont-need-a-flat-before-making-babies-sporeans-disagree-vehemently/
Thet, N.N. (2016b, October 13). S’pore Twitter came up with list of great small spaces for couples to have sex in. Mothership.sg. Retrieved on November 12, 2016 from https://mothership.sg/2016/10/spore-twitter-came-up-with-list-of-great-small-spaces-for-couples-to-have-sex-in/
Thomson, H. (2008). Wikis, Blogs & Web 2.0 technology. University of Melbourne. Retrieved October 3, 2016 from https://copyright.unimelb.edu.au/__data/assets/ pdf_file/0011/1773830/wikisblogsweb2blue.pdf
Vaillant, G.E. (1977). Adaptation to life. Toronto: Little, Brown, & Co.
Veil, S., Reno, J., Freihaut, R., & Oldham, J. (2015). Online activists vs. Kraft foods: A case of social media hijacking. Public Relations Review, 41(1), 103-108. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2014.11.017
Wagstaff, K. (2016, October, 18). The internet takes a page from Melania Trump and blames Billy Bush for everything. Mashable.com. Retrieved on August 30, 2017, from https://mashable.com/2016/10/17/billy-bush-made-me-do-it/#qnQDNK2UJmqQ
Wan, S., Koh, R., Ong, A., & Pang, A. (2015). Parody social media accounts: Influence and impact on organizations during crisis. Public Relations Review, 41(3), 381-385. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2015.01.002
Watson, L. (2016, September 22). Great British Break Off: Mary Berry quits as BBC plots rival to Paul Hollywood's new Channel 4 show. The Telegraph. Retrieved November 12, 2016 from https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/09/22/mary-berry-quits-great-british-bake-off-saying-she-will-stay-wit/
Yin, R. K. (1984). Case study research: Design and methods. Newbury Park, CA: Sage
Ziv, A. (1984). Personality and sense of humor. New York, NY: Springer.