Sidelining Women and Their Achievements: Representing Women Sports in Bangladeshi Newspapers
Main Article Content
Abstract
In academia, longstanding debates highlight how women are subordinated within male-dominated social hierarchies. It is further argued that women are dehumanized, marginalized, and undermined both within society and across social institutions such as mass media. Examining two mainstream Bangladeshi newspapers--Prothom Alo and Kaler Kantho--this study contends that such dynamics are evident in Bangladeshi mass media. Specifically, the newspapers discursively set agendas that sideline the achievements of female footballers in the context of the South Asian Football Federation (SAFF) Women’s Championship 2022. The findings suggest that these outlets maintained silence and omitted coverage of the accomplishments of Bangladeshi female footballers, thereby undermining and dehumanizing them. The study also reveals that neither committee members nor ruling elites anticipated that the championship trophy would be won by female footballers, contributing to their underrepresentation. Moreover, the coverage was conditional; for instance, unless the team secured the championship cup, media attention remained minimal.
Article Details
References
Billings, A. C. (2004). Depicting the quarterback in black and white: A content analysis of college and professional football broadcast commentary. The Howard Journal of Communications, 15, 201-210.
Biscomb, K., & Matheson, H. (2017). Are the times changing enough? International Review for the Sociology of Sport. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1177/1012690217716574
Caple, H. (2013). Competing for coverage: Exploring emerging discourses on female athletes in the Australian print media. English Text Construction, 6(2), 271–294. https://doi.org/10.1075/etc.6.2.03cap
Christopherson, N., Janning, M., & Diaz McConnell, E. (2002). Two kicks forward, one kick back: A content analysis of media discourses on the 1999 Women’s World Cup Soccer Championship. Sociology of Sport Journal, 19(2), 170–188. https://doi.org/10.1123/ssj.19.2.170
Cooky, C., Messner, M. A., & Hextrum, R. H. (2013). Women play sports but not on TV: A longitudinal study of televised news media. Communication & Sport, 1(3), 203–230. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167479513476947
Corbin, J., & Strauss, A. (2008). Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory (3rd ed.). Sage. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428108324514
Crossman, J., & Kian, E. M. (2008). One world, one dream: A qualitative comparison of the newspaper coverage of the 2008 Olympic and Paralympic Games. International Journal of Sport Communication, 4(1), 26–49. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsc.4.1.26
Crossman, J., Vincent, J., & Speed, H. (2007). ‘The Times They are A-Changin:’ Gender Comparisons in Three National Newspapers of the 2004 Wimbledon Championships: Gender Comparisons in Three National Newspapers of the 2004 Wimbledon Championships. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 42(1), 27-41. https://doi.org/10.1177/1012690207081828
Dashper, K. (2018). Smiling assassins, brides-to-be, and super mums: The importance of gender and celebrity in the media framing of female athletes at the 2016 Olympic Games. Sport Society, 21, 1739–1757. https://doi.org/10.1080/17430437.2017.1409729
Duncan, M. C. (1990). Sports photographs and sexual difference: Images of women and men in the 1984 and 1988 Olympic Games. Sociology of Sport Journal, 7(1), 22–43. https://doi.org/10.1123/ssj.7.1.22
Eastman, S. T., & Billings, A. C. (1999). Gender parity in the Olympics: Hyping women athletes, favoring men athletes. Journal of Sport & Social Issues, 23(2), 140-170. https://doi.org/10.1177/0193723599232003
Eastman, S. T., & Billings, A. C. (2001). Biased voices of sports: Racial and gender stereotyping in college basketball announcing. The Howard Journal of Communications, 12(4), 183-201.
Entman, R. M. (1993). Framing: Towards clarification of a fractured paradigm. Journal of Communication, 43(4), 51–58. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1993.tb01304
Gallagher, M. (2006). Who makes the news? Global media monitoring project 2005. http://cdn.agilitycms.com/who-makes-the-news/Imported/reports_2005/gmmp-report-en-2005.pdf
George, C., Hartley, A., & Paris, J. (2001). The representation of female athletes in textual and visual media. Corporate Communications: An International Journal, 6(2), 94–101. https://doi.org/10.1108/13563280110391007
Goertzen, M. J. (2017). Introduction to quantitative research and data. Library Technology Reports, 53(4), 12–18.
Goffman, E. (1974). Frame analysis: An essay on the organization of experience. Harvard University Press.
Hardin, M. (2009). Does new media bring new attitudes towards women’s sports? Tucker Centre. https://tuckercenter.wordpress.com/2009/09/24/does-% E2%80%98 new-media%E2%80%99-bring-new-attitudes-oward-women%E2%80%99s-sports/
Hardin, M., Lynn, S., Walsdorf, K., & Hardin, B. (2002). The framing of sexual difference in SI for Kids editorial photos. Mass Communication & Society, 5(3), 341-359. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327825MCS0503_5
Higgs, C. T., Weiller, K. H., & Martin, S. B. (2003). Gender bias in the 1996 Olympic Games: A comparative analysis. Journal of Sport & Social Issues, 27(1), 52–64. https://doi.org/10.1177/0193732502239585
Huffman, S., Tuggle, C. A., & Rosengard, D. S. (2004). How campus media cover sports: The gender-equity issue, one generation later. Mass Communication and Society, 7(4), 475–489. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327825mcs0704_6
Kabir, S. N., & Alkaff, S. (2018). Iconizing “Muslim Terrorism” in a British newspaper and public perception. Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, 38(2), 179-197.
Kabir, S. N., & Alkaff, S. (2018). Selling crime, criminals and commercializing social panic: Three Case studies in Bangladesh. International Journal Criminal Justice Science, 13(1), 212-229.
Kabir, Shah N. (2023). Small talk, big issue: Development, silence and the elite agenda in a Bangladeshi newspaper. Journal of Development Communication, 34(2), 36-46.
Kane, M. J., & Greendorfer, S. L. (1994). The media’s role in accommodating and resisting stereotyped images of women in sport. In P. J. Creedon (Ed.), Women, media and sport: Challenging gender values (pp. 28–44). Sage.
Knight, J. L., & Giuliano, T. A. (2001). He’s a Laker; she’s a “looker:” The consequences of gender-stereotypical portrayals of male and female athletes by the print media. Sex Roles, 45(3/4), 217–229. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1013553811620
Knight, M. G. (1999). Getting past the impasse: Framing as a tool for public relations. Public Relations Review, 25(3), 381-398. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0363-8111(99)00022-5
Lumpkin, A. (2007). A descriptive analysis of the race/ethnicity and sex of individuals appearing on the covers of Sports Illustrated in the 1990s. The Physical Educator, 64(1), 29–37.
Lumpkin, A. (2009). Female representation in feature articles published by Sports Illustrated in the 1990s. Women in Sport & Physical Activity Journal, 18(2), 38–51. https://doi.org/10.1123/wspaj.18.2.38
Organista N., Mazur Z., and Lenartowicz M. (2021). “I Can't Stand Women's Sports:” The perception of women's sports by Polish sports journalists. Communication & Sport. 9(3), 372-494. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167479519876886
Packer, C., Geh, D. J., Goulden, O. W., Jordan, A. M., Withers, G. K., Wagstaff, A. J., Bellwood, R. A., Binmore, C. L., & Webster, C. L. (2015) No lasting legacy: No change in reporting of women’s sports in the British print media with the London 2012 Olympics and Paralympics Journal of Public Health, 37(1), 50-56. https://doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdu018
Palmer, F. R., & Leberman, S. I. (2009). Elite athletes as mothers: managing multiple identities. Sport Management Review, 12(4), 241– 254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2009.03.001
Pamla, P. (2022), Why our women footballers’ victory is so significant. https://www.thedailystar.net/opinion/views/news/why-our-women-footballers-victory-so-significant-3129451
Petty, K., & Pope, S. (2018). A new age for media coverage of women’s sport? An analysis of English media coverage of the 2015 FIFA Women’s World Cup. Sociology, 52(3), 486-502. https://doi.org/10.1177/00380518797505
Terkildsen, N., & Schnell, F. (1997). How media frames move public opinion: An analysis of the women’s movement. Political Research Quarterly, 50(4), 879–900. https://doi.org/10.1177/106591299705000408
UNESCO. (2021). Gender equality in sports media. https://en.unesco.org/themes/gender-equality-sports-media