Stability improvement of bubbles by entraining fine air in self-compacting concrete proportioned at factory scale
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Abstract
Self-compactability enhancement by small bubbles has been developed for a decade. Those effective bubbles in concrete need to be ensured its stability. A full-scale experimental study was conducted on the stability of entrained air in air-enhanced self-compacting concrete (Air-SCC). The flow diameter and V-funnel time were measured based on the air content in the concrete immediately and 1 h after mixing. An air void analyzer was used to measure the diameter size of the entrained bubbles at the fresh stage. A water-dividing mixing method along with longer mixing time were used to increase the volume of small bubbles. The results indicated that the water-dividing method and 180 s mixing with a simple method effectively entrained small bubbles in mixtures using superplasticizer blended with retarder. That effective procedure could increase volume of small bubbles approximately 3.0%. Fine bubbles were defined by the high value of specific surface area (α > 20 mm2/mm3). Concrete containing air bubbles with a high a value had a reduction rate less than 1% of air content at 1 h. The authors have succeeded to maintain the air lost less than 1% of the designed value as this affected both the self-compactability and freeze-thaw resistance of concrete. These findings will be beneficial in designing or producing self-compacting concrete, especially in a cold environment.
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