Preparation of activated carbon as supercapacitor electrode materials from cassava rhizome
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
In this study, activated carbon (AC) was prepared from raw cassava rhizome (CR) and CR hydrochar which was derived from a hydrothermal carbonization process at 200 °C for 1 h in 0.4 M of aqueous HCl. The chemical activation process was further conducted using a raw material to ZnCl2 ratio of 1:3 at 800 °C for 2 h under nitrogen atmosphere. Elemental compositions, graphitization degree, porosity, specific surface area (SSA), surface chemical functional groups, and morphology of the AC were investigated. The analysis results demonstrated that the AC derived from raw CR (CRZ83) provides promising properties for using as a supercapacitor electrode material (SEM). It had higher total pore volume (1.53 cm3 g-1) and SSA (1,225 m2 g-1) than those of the AC prepared from CR hydrochar (CRHZ83). Electrochemical potentials of the CRZ83 were investigated using a three-electrode system in 1 M H2SO4 electrolyte. Its specific capacitance was 123.0 F g-1 at a current density of 0.3 A g-1. The results could suggest that the AC prepared from raw CR can be an alternative material for supercapacitor electrodes.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
References
Khare V, Nema S, Baredar P. Solar-wind hybrid renewable energy system: a review. Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev. 2016;58:23-33.
Cheng XB, Zhang R, Zhao CZ, Zhang Q. Toward safe lithium metal anode in rechargeable batteries: a review. Chem Rev. 2017;117(15):10403-10473.
Zhang LL, Zhao XS. Carbon-based materials as supercapacitor electrodes. Chem Soc Rev. 2009;38(9):2520-2531.
Yu K, Zhu H, Qi H, Liang C. High surface area carbon materials derived from corn stalk core as electrode for supercapacitor. Diamond Relat Mater. 2018;88:18-22.
Stoller MD, Park S, Zhu Y, An J, Ruoff RS. Graphene-based ultracapacitors. Nano Lett. 2008;8(10):3498-3502.
Carrell CJE, Li S, Parra AM, Shrestha B. 10 - metal oxide nanomaterials: health and environmental effects. In: Njuguna J, Pielichowski K, Zhu H, editors. Health and Environmental Safety of Nanomaterials.1st ed. Sawston: Woodhead Publishing; 2014. p. 200-221.
Ahmed S, Ahmed A, Rafat M. Supercapacitor performance of activated carbon derived from rotten carrot in aqueous, organic and ionic liquid based electrolytes. J Saudi Chem Soc. 2018;22(8):993-1002.
Liu D, Zhang W, Lin H, Li Y, Lu H, Wang Y. A green technology for the preparation of high capacitance rice husk-based activated carbon. J Cleaner Prod. 2016;112:1190-1198.
Sodtipinta J, Amornsakchai T, Pakawatpanurut P. Nanoporous carbon derived from agro-waste pineapple leaves for supercapacitor electrode. Adv Nat Sci Nanosci Nanotechnol. 2017;8(3):035017.
Department of Alternative Energy Development and Efficiency. Biomass potential in Thailand, http://biomass.dede.go.th/biomass_web/index.html [accessed 30 June 2021].
Centre for Agricultural Information, Agricultural Production Data. Agricultural production data, http://www.oae.go.th/view/1/%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3/TH-TH [accessed 30 June 2021].
Nakason K, Panyapinyopol B, Kanokkantapong V, Viriya-empikul N, Kraithong W, Pavasant P. Characteristics of hydrochar and liquid fraction from hydrothermal carbonization of cassava rhizome. J Energy Inst. 2018;91(2):184-193.
Nakason K, Khemthong P, Kraithong W, Chukaew P, Panyapinyopol B, Kitkaew D, et al. Upgrading properties of biochar fuel derived from cassava rhizome via torrefaction: effect of sweeping gas atmospheres and its economic feasibility. Case Stud. Therm. Eng. 2021;23:100823.
Gao Z, Zhang Y, Song N, Li X. Biomass-derived renewable carbon materials for electrochemical energy storage. Mater Res Lett. 2017;5(2):69-88.
Hulicova D, Yamashita J, Soneda Y, Hatori H, Kodama M. Supercapacitors prepared from melamine-based carbon. Chem Mater. 2005;17(5):1241-1247.
Phachwisoot G, Nakason K, Chanthad C, Khemthong P, Kraithong W, Youngjan S, et al. Sequential production of levulinic acid and supercapacitor electrode materials from cassava rhizome through an integrated biorefinery process. ACS Sustainable Chem Eng. 2021;9(23):7824-7836.
Sattayarut V, Chanthad C, Khemthong P, Kuboon S, Wanchaem T, Phonyiem M, et al. Preparation and electrochemical performance of nitrogen-enriched activated carbon derived from silkworm pupae waste. RSC Adv. 2019;9(18):9878-9886.
Wang C, Wu D, Wang H, Gao Z, Xu F, Jiang K. Biomass derived nitrogen-doped hierarchical porous carbon sheets for supercapacitors with high performance. J Colloid Interface Sci. 2018;523:133-143.
Phiri J, Dou J, Vuorinen T, Gane PAC, Maloney TC. Highly porous willow wood-derived activated carbon for high-performance supercapacitor electrodes. ACS Omega. 2019;4(19):18108-18117.
Wang Y, Zhang M, Dai Y, Wang HQ, Zhang H, Wang Q, et al. Nitrogen and phosphorus co-doped silkworm-cocoon-based self-activated porous carbon for high performance supercapacitors. J Power Sources. 2019;438:227045.
Wang D, Fang G, Xue T, Ma J, Geng G. A melt route for the synthesis of activated carbon derived from carton box for high performance symmetric supercapacitor applications. J Power Sources. 2016;307:401-409.
Ma G, Yang Q, Sun K, Peng H, Ran F, Zhao X, et al. Nitrogen-doped porous carbon derived from biomass waste for high-performance supercapacitor. Bioresour Technol. 2015;197:137-142.
Ma F, Ding S, Ren H, Liu Y. Sakura-based activated carbon preparation and its performance in supercapacitor applications. RSC Adv. 2019;9(5):2474-2483.
Jiang X, Guo F, Jia X, Liang S, Peng K, Qian L. Synthesis of biomass-based porous graphitic carbon combining chemical treatment and hydrothermal carbonization as promising electrode materials for supercapacitors. Ionics. 2020;26(7):3655-3668.
Ahmed S, Ahmed A, Rafat M. Nitrogen doped activated carbon from pea skin for high performance supercapacitor. Mater Res Express. 2018;5(4):045508.
Winter M, Brodd RJ. What are Batteries, fuel cells, and supercapacitors? Chem Rev. 2004;104(10):4245-4270.
Gor GY, Thommes M, Cychosz KA, Neimark AV. Quenched solid density functional theory method for characterization of mesoporous carbons by nitrogen adsorption. Carbon. 2012;50(4):1583-1590.
Yaumi AL, Bakar MZA, Hameed BH. Melamine-nitrogenated mesoporous activated carbon derived from rice husk for carbon dioxide adsorption in fixed-bed. Energy. 2018;155:46-55.
Enock TK, King’ondu CK, Pogrebnoi A, Jande YAC. Status of biomass derived carbon materials for supercapacitor application. Int J Electrochem. 2017;2017:6453420.
Zhu H, Li Y, Song Y, Zhao G, Wu W, Zhou S, et al. Effects of cyclic voltammetric scan rates, scan time, temperatures and carbon addition on sulphation of Pb disc electrodes in aqueous H2SO4. Mater Technol. 2020;35(3):135-140.
Kozarenko OA, Dyadyun VS, Papakin MS, Posudievsky OY, Koshechko VG, Pokhodenko VD. Effect of potential range on electrochemical performance of polyaniline as a component of lithium battery electrodes. Electrochimica Acta. 2015;184:111-116.
Zhu X, Yu S, Xu K, Zhang Y, Zhang L, Lou G, et al. Sustainable activated carbons from dead ginkgo leaves for supercapacitor electrode active materials. Chem Eng Sci. 2018;181:36-45.
Li Z, Zhai K, Wang G, Li Q, Guo P. Preparation and electrocapacitive properties of hierarchical porous carbons based on loofah sponge. Materials. 2016;9(11):912.