The combination technique of bioaugmentation and phytoremediation on the degradation of paraquat in contaminated soil
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Abstract
Paraquat is a common herbicide that is wildly used in agricultural areas thanks to its rapid action and applications to a wide range of plants. However, overuse and long–term use of paraquat can lead to the problem of paraquat contamination in agricultural areas and environment. A study on the effect of bacterial consortium, isolated from rhizosphere soil collected from the field on which paraquat was used. The experimental design was divided into 3 treatments: natural attenuation (NA), bioaugmentation (BA), and control group (Control). Soil samples with an initial concentration of paraquat of 80 mg/kg were analyzed for paraquat residue by spectrophotometer after each treatment. After 60 days, the degradation efficiency in BA and NA treatments were 76% and 44%, respectively. Having half-life of paraquat less than 20 days for BA suggested that an important role of isolated bacterial consortium on paraquat degradation. Isolated bacterial consortium together with phytoremediation was introduced to contaminated soil in order to increase the degradation efficiency for 45 days. Among the 5 plants tested, African sesbania showed the highest paraquat degradation efficiency (97.14%), followed by jack bean and pinto peanut (96.43% and 95.71%, respectively) (p<0.05). Higher degradation efficiency after combination of microbial consortium and phytoremediation can be attributed to a certain extent of medication of the soil by plants that could enhance microbial activities, such as rooting, which allowed for more oxygen, water, and nutrients to penetrate to the lower level of the soil, resulting in the appropriate conditions for bacteria to degrade the paraquat.
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