Rice husk biochar ameliorates saline-sodic stress in rice through sodium adsorption and improving soil properties
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Abstract
Soil salinity is one of the major problems threatening rice productivity and food security globally. The objectives of this research were to examine the effects of rice husk biochar as a soil amendment on the growth and yield of Khao Dawk Mali 105 (KDML105) rice grown in a saline-sodic soil, and to investigate the mechanism by which rice husk biochar mitigates harmful effects of a saline-sodic soil on rice. KDML105 at 45 days was grown in cement rings containing a saline-sodic soil supplemented with 0%, 0.3%, 0.6%, 1.8%, and 3.0% (w/w) rice husk biochar. The rice plants were harvested at the maturity stage. Yield and yield components were recorded. Flag leaf was determined for Na+ and K+ accumulations. Soil and biochar were analyzed for their important properties. The results showed that biochar additions to a saline-sodic soil increased survival percentage, shoot and root dry weights, panicle length, number of grains per panicle, grain filling percentage, and grain weight of KDML105 rice, whereas Na+ concentration in flag leaf was reduced. Using the Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) with Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis (EDX), it was shown that Na+ was detected on the surface of biochar. Biochar applications decreased electrical conductivity (ECe), total Na, extractable Na, and an exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP), but increased OM, total N, and exchangeable K. It can be concluded that rice husk biochar amendment at 3.0% (w/w) alleviated the negative effects of saline-sodic stress and increased KDML105 rice productivity by decreasing Na+ availability, increasing K+/Na+ ratio, and improving soil qualities.
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