Durability performance of geopolymer mortar containing high calcium fly ash and low-grade waste clay
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
The primary objective of this research work was to investigate the durability performance of class C fly ash-based geopolymer mortar containing locally available waste clay as source material. The experiments were conducted based on the 20 design trials obtained using response surface methodology (RSM). For this study, the waste clay was collected from few sources of India. The clays in their raw state and after thermal treatment was taken for the investigation. The analysis for optimization was based on parameters such as dry density, compressive strength and water absorption. The optimum combination of clay (with and without thermal treatment) in class C fly ash-based geopolymer mortar was obtained with molarity of NaOH at 7M and 9M with a temperature of curing at 56°C and with clay content of 20%. Durability performance of optimum mix in terms of water absorption, sorptivity, acid attack resistance, sulfate attack resistance, abrasion resistance, drying shrinkage and impact resistance were studied. Thermally treated clay-based specimens exhibited better durability characteristics than specimens with clay in the raw state.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
References
Liew YM, Heah CY, Mustafa MAB, Kamarudin H. Structure and properties of clay-based geopolymer cements: a review. Prog Mater Sci. 2016;83:595-629.
Duxson P, Provis JL, Lukey GC, Deventer JSJ. The role of inorganic polymer technology in the development of ‘green concrete’. Cem Concr Res. 2007;37(12):1590-1597.
Li Z, Ding Z, Zhang Y. Development of sustainable cementitious materials. Proc Int Work Sustain Dev Concr Technol. 2004;1(1):55-76.
Chindaprasirt P, Chareerat T, Hatanaka S, Cao T. High-strength geopolymer using fine high-calcium fly ash. J Mater Civ Eng. 2011;23(3):264-270.
Saranya P, Nagarajan P, Shashikala AP. Performance studies on steel fiber–reinforced GGBS-dolomite geopolymer concrete. J Mater Civ Eng. 2021;33(2):04020447.
Saranya P, Nagarajan P, Shashikala AP. Development of ground-granulated blast-furnace slag-dolomite
geopolymer concrete. ACI Mater J. 2019;116(6):235-243.
Paija N, Kolay PK, Mohanty M, Kumar S. Ground bottom ash application for conventional mortar and
geopolymer paste. J Hazard Toxic Radioact Waste. 2020;24(1):04019025.
Salih MA, Farzadnia N, Abang Ali AA, Demirboga R. Development of high strength alkali activated binder using palm oil fuel ash and GGBS at ambient temperature. Constr Build Mater. 2015;93:289-300.
López MC, Araiza RJL, Ramírez MA, Avalos RJC, Bueno PJJ, Villareal MMS, et al. Synthesis and characterization of a concrete based on metakaolin geopolymer. Inorg Mater. 2009;45(12):1429-1432.
Mehta A, Siddique R. Sustainable geopolymer concrete using ground granulated blast furnace slag and rice husk ash: strength and permeability properties. J Clean Prod. 2018;205:49-57.
Laxman A, Sairam V, Srinivasan K, Muruganandam L. Synthesis and characterization of geopolymer from metakaolin and sugarcane bagasse ash. Constr Build Mater. 2020;258:119231.
Fahim Huseien G, Mirza J, Ismail M, Ghoshal SK, Hussein AA. Geopolymer mortars as sustainable repair material: a comprehensive review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev. 2017;80:54-74.
Priyadharshini P, Ramamurthy K, Robinson RG. Excavated soil waste as fine aggregate in fly ash based geopolymer mortar. Appl Clay Sci. 2017;146:81-91.
Lekshmi S, Sudhakumar J. Engineering and durability performances of fly ash based geopolymer mortar containing aluminosilicate rich flood soil waste with and without lime treatment. Silicon. 2021;14(2):6141-6156.
Ogundiran MB, Kumar S. Synthesis of fly ash-calcined clay geopolymers: reactivity, mechanical strength, structural and microstructural characteristics. Constr Build Mater. 2016;125:450-457.
Zreig AMM, Akhras ANM, Attom MF. Influence of heat treatment on the behaviour of clayey soils. Appl Clay Sci. 2001;20:129-135.
ASTM International. Standard specification for coal fly ash and raw or calcined natural pozzolan for use, https://www.astm.org/c0618-22.html [accessed 13 Febuary 2021].
Zolfagharnasab A, Ramezanianpour AA, Zadeh BF. Investigating the potential of low grade calcined clays to produce durable LC3 binders against chloride ions attack. Constr Build Mater. 2021;303(12):124541.
Chandrashekhar S, Ramaswamy S. Influence of mineral impurities on the properties of kaolin and its thermally treated products. Appl Clay Sci. 2002;21(3-4):133-142.
Attah IC, Etim RK. Experimental investigation on the effects of elevated temperature on geotechnical behaviour of tropical resudial soils. SN Appl Sci. 2020;2(3):370.
ASTM International. Standard test methods for sampling and testing fly ash or natural pozzolans for use in portland-cement concrete, https://www.astm.org/c0311-04.html [accessed 13 Febuary 2021].
ASTM International. Standard test method for flow of hydraulic cement mortar, https://www.astm.org/c14
-20.html [accessed 13 Febuary 2021].
ASTM International. Standard test method for compressive strength of hydraulic cement mortars (using 2-in. or [50-mm] cube specimens), https://www.astm.org/c0109_c0109m-01.html [accessed 13 Febuary 2021].
ASTM International. Standard test method for rate of water absorption of masonry mortars, https://www.astm.org/c1403-15.html [accessed 13 Febuary 2021].
ASTM International. Standard test method for measurement of rate of absorption of water by hydraulic cement concretes, https://www.astm.org/c1585-13.html [accessed 13 Febuary 2021].
ASTM International. Standard test methods for determining the chemical resistance of concrete products to acid attack, https://www.astm.org/c1898-20.html [accessed 13 Febuary 2021].
ASTM International. Standard test methods for chemical resistance of mortars, grouts, and monolithic surfacings and polymer concretes, https://www.astm.org/c0267-20.html.20.html [accessed 13 Febuary 2021].
Flooring, Wall Finishing and Roofing Sectional Committee. Indian standard precast concrete block for paving-specification. 1st ed. New Delhi: Bureau of Indian Standards; 2006.
ASTM International. Standard test method for length change of hardened hydraulic-cement mortar and concrete, https://www.astm.org/c0157_c0157m-08.html [accessed 13 Febuary 2021].
ACI Committee 544. Measurement of properties of fiber reinforced concrete. Washington: American Concrete Institute; 1984. Report No.: ACI 544.2R-89.
Zivica V, Palou M. Influence of heat treatment on the pore structure of some clays-precursors for geopolymer synthesis. Precedia Eng. 2016;151:141-148.
Ogundiran MB, Ikotun OJ. Investigating the suitability of nigerian calcined kaolins as raw materials for geopolymer binders. Trans Indian Ceram Soc. 2014;73(2):138-142.
Görhan G, Kürklü G. The influence of the NaOH solution on the properties of the fly ash-based geopolymer mortar cured at different temperatures. Compos Part B Eng. 2014;58:371-377.
Dietel J, Warr LN, Bertmer M, Steudel A, Grathoff GH, Emmerich K. The importance of specific surface area in the geopolymerization of heated illitic clay. Appl Clay Sci. 2017;139:99-107.
Ogundiran MB, Kumar S. Synthesis and characterisation of geopolymer from Nigerian clay. Appl Clay Sci. 2015;108:173-181.
Nyamangara J, Munotengwa S, Nyamugafata P, Nyamadzawo G. The effect of hydroxide solutions on the structural stability and saturated hydraulic conductivity of four tropical soils. South Afr J Plant Soil. 2007;24(1):1-7.
Yip CK, Lukey GC, Deventer JSJ. The coexistence of geopolymeric gel and calcium silicate hydrate at the early stage of alkaline activation. Cem Concr Res. 2005;35(9):1688-1697.
Guo L, Wu Y, Xu F, Song X, Ye J, Duan P, et al. Sulfate resistance of hybrid fiber reinforced metakaolin geopolymer composites. Compos Part B Eng. 2020;183:107689.
Niu X, Li Q, Hu Y, Tan Y, Liu C. Properties of cement based materials incorporating nano-clay and calcined nano-clay: a review. 2021;284:122820.
Ramujee K, Potharaju M. Abrasion resistance of geopolymer composites. Procedia Mater Sci. 2014;6:1961-1966.
Parathi S, Naagarajan P, Pallikkara SA. Ecofriendly 826 geopolymer concrete: a comprehensive review. J Clean Prod. 2021;23:1701-1713.
Guo L, Wu Y, Xu F, Song X, Ye J, Duan P, et al. Sulfate resistance of hybrid fiber reinforced metakaolin geopolymer composites. Compos Part B Eng. 2020;183:107689.
Jin M, Zheng Z, Sun Y, Chen L, Jin Z. Resistance of metakaolin-MSWI fly ash based geopolymer to acid and alkaline environments. J Non Cryst Solids. 2016;450:116-122.
Saranya P, Naagarajan P, Shashikala AP. Engineering and durability properties of slag-dolomite geopolymer mortars. Proc Inst Civ Eng Constr Mater. 2020:1-12.
Mermerdas K, Manguri S, Nassani DE, Oleiwi SM. Effect of aggregate properties on the mechanical and absorption characteristics of geopolymer mortar. Eng Sci Technol An int J. 2017;20(6):1642-1652.