Development of charcoal briquettes from rubber seed shells mixed with food waste binder as an alternative energy source
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Abstract
Rubber seed shells (RSS) are an abundant biomass in Thailand that can be used as a source of charcoal briquettes for alternative energy. Food waste from the domestic sector also has the potential to be used as an effective binder in the production of charcoal briquettes. This research aimed to develop charcoal briquettes from RSS using food waste as an alternative binder material. The ratio of RSS charcoal to food waste binder was varied at 2 :1, 5 :1, and 10 :1 (v/v). Cassava starch, a popular and conventional binder, was used as a binder to compare with food waste. Cylindrical charcoal briquettes, 40 mm in diameter and 40 mm long, were formed by a hydraulic press with a pressing force of 1 ton. The results show that the variation in the charcoal: binder (C: B) ratio affected the bulk density, moisture, ash, volatile matter content, heating value, and compressive strength. RSS charcoal briquettes at a C: B ratio of 1:1 was considered suitable because they had the highest heating value and a relatively high compressive strength of 6,219 ± 229 cal/g and 53.29 ± 2.91 N/cm2, respectively. The moisture content and heating value of this RSS charcoal briquette are within the range set by the Thai Industrial Standard Institute (TISI) standard. The heating value of RSS charcoal briquettes made from food waste binder at a suitable C:B ratio (10 :1) was not significantly different from those made from cassava starch binder at the same C:B ratio, but the compressive strength was significantly lower.
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