Cytokinin and Auxin Enhance Early Rhizome Development and Essential Oil Production in Curcuma aromatica Salisb.
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Abstract
Curcuma aromatica Salisb. is a monocotyledonous plant whose rhizomes contain essential oils with documented medicinal properties. This study evaluated the effects of plant growth regulators (PGRs) at different concentrations on in vitro shoot development and essential oil accumulation. A completely randomized design with 17 treatments, including naphthalene acetic acid (NAA, 1.0–2.5 mg·L⁻¹), benzyladenine (BA, 2.0–15.0 mg·L⁻¹), gibberellic acid (GA₃, 5.0–20.0 mg·L⁻¹), Ethephon (5.0–20.0 mg·L⁻¹), and a control, with 10 replicates per treatment, was used. After two weeks, morphological, physiological, and biochemical parameters were measured. Significant increases in bud fresh weight, dry weight, and diameter were observed at NAA (2 mg·L⁻¹), BA (10 mg·L⁻¹), GA₃ (20 mg·L⁻¹), and Ethephon (10 mg·L⁻¹). Among these, NAA (2.0 mg·L⁻¹) and BA (10.0 mg·L⁻¹) were most effective. Compared with the control, NAA (2.0 mg·L⁻¹) increased rhizome diameter (103%), fresh weight (61%), dry weight (327%), sugar content (56%), and essential oil content (143%). BA (10.0 mg·L⁻¹) showed greater effects, increasing rhizome diameter (114%), fresh weight (90%), dry weight (686%), sugar content (80%), and essential oil content (203%) (p < 0.05). The number of primary thickening meristem (PTM) cells was significantly higher in NAA (2 mg·L⁻¹) than in BA (10 mg·L⁻¹) or other treatments. Both NAA and BA increased auxin, zeatin, and gibberellin activities, while reducing abscisic acid (ABA) activity compared with the control. These results indicate that NAA and BA enhance rhizome development and essential oil biosynthesis in C. aromatica through modulation of endogenous hormones.
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