Effect of vitamin B6 on GABA accumulation and growth stimulation in germinated mung beans
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is an inhibitory neurotransmitter in animals and humans. It has several health advantages involving relief of anxiety and depression, as well as memory and immunity enhancement. GABA is also found in seeds as a reserve protein for plant growth. It is synthesized from glutamic acid by the glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) enzyme using vitamin B6 as a co-enzyme. To enhance the GABA content in bean sprouts, the effect of vitamin B6, in the form of pyridoxine hydrochloride (PN), on GABA accumulation in mung beans was examined. Supplementation of PN at various concentrations (1, 10, and 50 mg/L) was carried out in soaked and germinating mung beans. The results demonstrated a negative effect of PN on GABA accumulation. GABA was dramatically reduced with increased PN concentrations during soaking and germination. The highest GABA content was found in the control sample with no PN addition. Interestingly, PN showed an unexpected effect on promoting the growth of mung bean sprouts. The stem lengths of mung bean sprouts were significantly extended by increased PN concentrations. At 50 mg/L, PN induced a 35.6% elongation of stem length over that of a control. GABA content was negatively affected by PN in soaked seeds and germinated bean sprouts. However, it promotes mung bean growth during germination. PN is an effective growth stimulant for mung beans during germination.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
References
Nishimura M, Yoshida S, Haramoto M, Mizuno H, Fukuda T, Kagami-Katsuyama H, et al. Effects of white rice containing enriched gamma-aminobutyric acid on blood pressure. J Tradit Complement Med. 2016;6(1): 66–71.
Rezazadeh H, Sharifi MR, Sharifi M, Soltani N. Gamma-aminobutyric acid attenuates insulin resistance in type 2 diabetic patients and reduces the risk of insulin resistance in their offspring. Biomed Pharmacother. 2021;138:111440.
Hepsomali P, Groeger JA, Nishihira J, Scholey A. Effects of oral gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) administration on stress and sleep in humans: A systematic review. Front Neurosci. 2020;14:923.
Chen L, Zhao H, Zhang C, Lu Y, Zhu X, Lu Z. γ-Aminobutyric acid-rich yogurt fermented by Streptococcus salivarius subsp. thermophiles fmb5 apprars to have anti-diabetic effect on streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. J Funct Foods. 2016;20:267–275.
Roohinejad S, Omidizadeh A, Mirhosseini H, Saari N, Mustafa S, Yusof RM, et al. Effect of pre-germination time of brown rice on serum cholesterol levels of hypercholesterolaemic rats. J Sci Food Agric. 2010;90(2): 245–251.
Chuang CY, Shi YC, You HP, Lo YH, Pan TM. Antidepressant effect of GABA-rich monascus-fermented product on forced swimming rat model. J Agric Food Chem. 2011;59(7):3027–3034.
Huang HY, Hsu T, Lin BF. Gamma-aminobutyric acid decreases macrophages infiltration and suppresses inflammatory responses in renal injury. J Funct Foods. 2019;60:103419.
Leventhal AG, Wang Y, Pu M, Zhou Y, Ma Y. GABA and its agonists improved visual cortical function in senescent monkeys. Science. 2003;300(5620):812–815.
Diana M, Rafecas M, Quílez J. Free amino acids, acrylamide and biogenic amines in gamma-aminobutyric acid enriched sourdough and commercial breads. J Cereal Sci. 2014;60(3):639–644.
Morrison MJ, Frégeau-Reid JA, Cober ER. Seed protein, soaking duration, and soaking temperature effects on gamma aminobutyric acid concentration in short-season soybean. Crop Science. 2013;53(6):2563–2568.
Komatsuzaki N, Tsukahara K, Toyoshima H, Suzuki T, Shimizu N, Kimura T. Effect of soaking and gaseous treatment on GABA content in germinated brown rice. J Food Eng. 2007;78(2):556–560.
Hsueh YH, Yang JH, Ou SF, Chen ST, Kuo JM, Wu CH. Mass production of γ-Aminobutyric acid by semi-continuous fermentation using ceramic support by Lactobacillus brevis RK03. LWT. 2021;140:110640.
Guo Y, Yang R, Chen H, Song Y, Gu Z. Accumulation of γ-aminobutyric acid in germinated soybean (Glycine max L.) in relation to glutamate decarboxylase and diamine oxidase activity induced by additives under hypoxia. Eur Food Res Technol. 2012;234(4):679–687.
Liao WC, Wang CY, Shyu YT, Yu RC, Ho KC. Influence of preprocessing methods and fermentation of adzuki beans on γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) accumulation by lactic acid bacteria. J Funct Foods. 2013;5(3):1108–1115.
Richts B, Rosenberg J, Commichau FM. A survey of pyridoxal 5’-phosphate-dependent proteins in the gram-positive model bacterium Bacillus subtilis. Front Mol Biosci. 2019;6:32.
Ueland PM, Ulvik A, Rios-Avila L, Midttun Ø, Gregory JF. Direct and functional biomarkers of vitamin b6 status. Annu Rev Nutr. 2015;35:33–70.
Ma Y, Wang A, Yang M, Wang S, Wang L, Zhou S, et al. Influences of cooking and storage on γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) content and distribution in mung bean and its noodle products. LWT. 2022;154:112783.
Zhao GC, Xie MX, Wang YC, Li JY. Molecular mechanisms underlying γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) accumulation in giant embryo rice seeds. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2017;65(24):4883–4889.
Ganesan K, Xu B. A critical review on phytochemical profile and health promoting effects of mung bean (Vigna radiata). Food Sci Hum Wellness. 2018;7(1):11–33.
Moongngarm A, Saetung N. Comparison of chemical compositions and bioactive compounds of germinated rough rice and brown rice. Food Chem. 2010;122(3):782–788.
Khampang E, Kerdchoechuen O, Laohakunjit N. Change of chemical composition of rice and cereals during germination. J Agric Sci. 2009;40(30):341–344.
Tiansawang K, Luangpituksa P, Varanyanond W, Hansawasdi C. GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid) production, antioxidant activity in some germinated dietary seeds and the effect of cooking on their GABA content. Food Sci Technol. 2016;36:313–321.
Vann K, Techaparin A, Apiraksakorn J. Beans germination as a potential tool for GABA-enriched tofu production. J Food Sci Technol. 2020;57:3947–3954.
Bai Q, Chai M, Gu Z, Cao X, Li Y, Liu K. Effects of components in culture medium on glutamate decarboxylase activity and γ-aminobutyric acid accumulation in foxtail millet (Setaria italica L.) during germination. Food Chem. 2009;116(1):152–157.
Wang L, Li X, Gao F, Liu Y, Lang S, Wang C, et al. Effect of ultrasound combined with exogenous GABA treatment on polyphenolic metabolites and antioxidant activity of mung bean during germination. Ultrason Sonochem. 2023;94:106311.
Kinnersley AM, Turano FJ. Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) and plant responses to stress. Crit Rev Plant Sci. 2000;19(6):479–509.
Jiao C, Duan Y, Lin Q. MAPK mediates NO/cGMP-induced GABA accumulation in soybean sprouts. LWT. 2019;100:253–262.
Merrill AH, Horiike K, McCormick DB. Evidence for the regulation of pyridoxal 5′-phosphate formation in liver by pyridoxamine (pyridoxine) 5′-phosphate oxidase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1978;83(3): 984–990.
Zuo H, Ueland PM, Eussen SJPM, Tell GS, Vollset SE, Nygård O, et al. Markers of vitamin B6 status and metabolism as predictors of incident cancer: The Hordaland Health Study. Int J Cancer. 2015;136(12):2932–2939.
Vrolijk MF, Opperhuizen A, Jansen EH, Hageman GJ, Bast A, Haenen GR. The vitamin B6 paradox: Supplementation with high concentrations of pyridoxine leads to decreased vitamin B6 function. Toxicol Vitro. 2017;44:206–212.
Chen H, Xiong L. Pyridoxine is required for post‐embryonic root development and tolerance to osmotic and oxidative stresses. The Plant J. 2005;44(3):396-408.
Polthum P, Ahromrit A. GABA content and Antioxidant activity of Thai waxy corn seeds germinated by hypoxia method. Songklanakarin J Sci Technol. 2014;36(3):309–316.