Potential effects of astaxanthin on the growth performance, survival, and colour brightness of Channa marulioides (Bleeker, 1851) in feed domestication
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Abstract
The domestication of native fish species such as Channa marulioides requires dietary strategies that replicate natural feeding habits while fulfilling nutritional requirements. This study evaluated the effects of artificial pellets enriched with astaxanthin in combination with different natural feed additives on growth, survival, and pigmentation. Fish were reared for 100 days under four dietary treatments: T1 (maggot), T2 (tubifex), and T3 (dried shrimp), each supplemented with 100 mg/kg astaxanthin in commercial pellets, along with a control group receiving only commercial feed. Diet strongly influenced growth performance, with T3 yielding the best results. Fish in this treatment achieved an average weight gain of 89.76 g, a length increase of 10.15 cm, and a relative length gain of 94.32%. Feed conversion efficiency was also highest in T3 (FCR = 1.33), outperforming the other treatments. Carotenoid accumulation in epidermal scales and tail fins was greatest in T3, with values of 8.51 and 13.6 μg/g, respectively, which corresponded to improved colour brightness as measured by the Modified Toca Colour Finder (m-TCF). Survival exceeded 80% in all groups, with no significant differences observed. These findings suggest that dried shrimp combined with astaxanthin-supplemented pellets represents the most effective feeding strategy to enhance growth and pigmentation, thereby supporting domestication and large-scale aquaculture of C. marulioides.
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