Effect of Drying Temperature on the Drying Kinetics of Red Rice Paddy (Oryza sativa L.) in a Tray Dryer
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Understanding the temperature-dependent drying kinetics and convective transport mechanism is critical for the characterization of the drying process of red rice paddy under controlled conditions. This present study evaluates the drying behavior and heat and mass transfer characteristics of red rice paddy in a laboratory-scale tray dryer over a temperature range of 30 – 80 °C, with sun drying functioning as a reference. The drying kinetics were evaluated using several thin-layer models, while convective heat and mass transfer characteristics were estimated from dimensionless-number correlations. Increasing the drying temperature enhanced moisture removal, with the average drying rate increasing from 0.0012 kg moisture/(kg dry paddy·min) during sun drying to 0.0020 kg moisture/(kg dry paddy·min) at 80 °C tray drying. Among the evaluated models, the Page model demonstrated the optimal overall fit, with an average coefficient of determination of 0.9904 and a sum of squared errors of 0.0050. The estimated convective heat transfer coefficient remained nearly constant at 68.43 ± 0.40 W/(m2·K). Conversely, the convective mass transfer coefficient exhibited an increase, rising from 0.0649 to 0.0799 m/s across the temperature range of 30 to 80 °C. The activation energy for convective mass transfer was found to be 3.70 kJ/mol. The results obtained characterize the temperature-dependent drying and convective transport behavior within the investigated drying configuration and observation period.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
References
Kothapalli L, Kale S, Dharade M, Thomas A, Godse A. Nutritional and medicinal value of red rice. Curr Tradit Med. 2023;9(6).
Djaeni M, Sasongko S, Utari F, Siqhny Z. Techno-economic analysis of biomass-powered fixed bed dryer with air dehumidification for paddy drying. Commun Sci Technol. 2024;9(2):379-385.
Hou X, Sun M, Chen F, Han F, Li Y, Wang H, et al. Interactive effects of temperature and grain moisture content on quality deterioration and volatile flavour evolution in foxtail millet during storage. Foods. 2026;15(7)1157.
A’yuni DQ, Sasongko SB, Djaeni M, Kumoro AC, Subagio A. The improvement of corn grain drying using air dehumidification: energy consumption evaluation and techno-economic analysis. AIMS Agric Food. 2025;10(3):638-661.
Fernandes L, Tavares PB. A review on solar drying devices: heat transfer, air movement and type of chambers. Solar. 2024;4:15-42.
Plabon MEA, Akhtaruzzaman M, Mondal MHT, Islam MR, Hasan SMK, Sarker MSH. Comprehensive assessment of drying performance, physical characteristics, bioactive compounds, and antioxidant capacity of mallow (Malva verticillata) vegetables: a comparative study of a modified tray dryer and conventional drying methods. Appl Food Res. 2024;4(1):100423.
Utari FD, Yasintasia C, Ratridewi M, A’yuni DQ, Kumoro AC, Djaeni M, et al. Evaluation of paddy drying with vertical screw conveyor dryer (VSCD) at different air velocities and temperatures. Chem Eng Process. 2022;174:108881.
Suherman S, Rizky M, Fikri Z, Hadiyanto H, V-Gaile Z, Khan A, et al. Effect of drying temperature on bioactive compound content of red onion using photovoltaic ventilation solar dryers. Sarhad J Agric. 2024;39:S23-S35.
Kumoro AC, Djaeni M, Ratnawati R, Praseptiangga D. Selection of drying method and milling pattern for obtaining efficient postharvest technology of long grain rice (Oryza sativa L. var. Ciherang) with preserved nutritional quality. Food Res. 2025;9(2):204-213.
Zhang J, Karim A, Sutar PP, Mujumdar AS, Wang ZX, Shi YS, et al. Sustainable development of drying technologies for agricultural products: recent advances, challenges, and future prospects. Renew Sustain Energy Rev. 2026;226:116419.
Ertekin C, Firat MZ. A comprehensive review of thin-layer drying models used in agricultural products. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2017;57(4):701-717.
Ribeiro-Filho N, dos Santos Borges SR, de Menezes PH, de Oliveira MRT, da Silva APG. Red rice (Oryza sativa L.) composition and its water interaction. Food Humanit. 2024;2:100299.
Djaeni M, Ayuningtyas D, Asiah N, Hargono H, Ratnawati R, Wiratno W, et al. Paddy drying in mixed adsorption dryer with zeolite: drying rate and time estimation. Reaktor. 2013;14(3):173–178.
Sadaka S, Jayas DS. Cereal grain drying systems. In: Rosentrater KA, editor. Storage of cereal grains and their products. 5th ed. Woodhead Publishing; 2022. p. 293-329.
Zeng Z, Han C, Wang Q, Yuan H, Zhang X, Li B. Analysis of drying characteristic, effective moisture diffusivity and energy, exergy and environment performance indicators during thin layer drying of tea in a convective-hot air dryer. Front Sustain Food Syst. 2024;8.
Mugodo K, Workneh TS. The kinetics of thin-layer drying and modelling for mango slices and the influence of differing hot-air drying methods on quality. Heliyon. 2021;7(6):e07182.
Guerrini L, Pezzuolo A, Ferrari G, Pippa G, Marinello F. Intermittent drying of walnuts: evaluations of warm air consumption on a thin layer. In: Ferro V, Giordano G, Orlando S, Vallone M, Cascone G, Porto SMC, editors. AIIA 2022: biosystems engineering towards the green deal. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2023. p. 625-632.
Aghbashlo M, Kianmehr MH, Samimi-Akhijahani H. Influence of drying conditions on the effective moisture diffusivity, energy of activation and energy consumption during the thin-layer drying of berberis fruit (Berberidaceae). Energy Convers Manag. 2008;49(10):2865-2871.
Wakao N, Funazkri T. Effect of fluid dispersion coefficients on particle-to-fluid mass transfer coefficients in packed beds: correlation of Sherwood numbers. Chem Eng Sci. 1978;33(10):1375-1384.
Wakao N, Kaguei S, Funazkri T. Effect of fluid dispersion coefficients on particle-to-fluid heat transfer coefficients in packed beds: correlation of Nusselt numbers. Chem Eng Sci. 1979;34(3):325-336.
Asiah N, Djaeni M, Hii CL. Moisture transport mechanism and drying kinetic of fresh harvested red onion bulbs under dehumidified air. Int J Food Eng. 2017;13:1-8.
Ayele T, Gesese TN, Getahun E. Analysis of drying kinetics and performance evaluation of an indirect solar cabinet chili dryer. Case Stud Therm Eng. 2026;81:107967.
Kidane H, Farkas I, Buzás J. Characterizing agricultural product drying in solar systems using thin-layer drying models: comprehensive review. Discov Food. 2025;5:84.
Golpour I, Guiné RPF, Poncet S, Golpour H, Amiri Chayjan R, Amiri Parian J. Evaluating the heat and mass transfer effective coefficients during the convective drying process of paddy (Oryza sativa L.). J Food Process Eng. 2021;44:e13771.
