Prediction equations for maximum aerobic capacity using cardiopulmonary exercise testing among Thais
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Maximum aerobic capacity is the most important parameter of cardiopulmonary fitness and an independent parameter for cardiovascular and respiratory disease prognosis. Prediction equations for varies with age, gender, body size, level of ordinary activity, type of exercise and races. Those equations have never been studied in Thais. This study aimed to provide prediction equations for in Thai males and females and to evaluate associations between age, weight and height, and . The maximum aerobic capacity was analysed in 44 healthy Thai subjects (20 males and 24 females; aged 20 – 50 years) who underwent cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) using a treadmill and an incremental protocol until symptom limitation. All subjects had normal ranges of clinical characteristics and pulmonary function except those of weight and height in males were higher than in females (p<0.001) while age in males was lower than in females (p<0.05). Predictive equations for were obtained from multiple linear regression analysis and significant correlations demonstrated a negative correlation between and age (p<0.05), and positive correlations between and weight and height (p<0.001). The prediction equation: = 3222.9 + (792.4 * sex) + (-11.3 * age) + (21.0 * weight) + (-15.7 * height) (R2 = 0.72, SEE=308.5 ml/min) (1 = male, 0 = female; age in years (yr); weight in kilograms (kg); height in centimeters (cm)). In addition, in males was significantly higher than in females by 59% (p<0.001). The present study provides the prediction equation for applicable to the Thai population. Nonetheless, it is compulsory to have more sets of normal values to be accumulated so that reference values can be established in the future. We also demonstrate that males have higher than those of females.
Article Details
References
[2] John, N., et al., Maximal Oxygen Uptake Is Lower for a Healthy Indian Population Compared to White Populations. 2011. 31: p. 322-327.
[3] Mohammad, M.M., S. Dadashpour, and P. Adimi, Predicted values of cardiopulmonary exercise testing in healthy individuals (a pilot study). Tanaffos, 2012. 11(1): p. 18-25.
[4] Nitin, Y.M., et al., VO2 max in an Indian population: a study to understand the role of factors determining VO2 max. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol, 2013. 57(2): p. 87-94.
[5] Herdy, A.H. and D. Uhlendorf, Reference values for cardiopulmonary exercise testing for sedentary and active men and women. Arq Bras Cardiol, 2011. 96(1): p. 54-9.
[6] ACSM, ACSM’s guidelines for exercise testing and prescription. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins., 2006.
[7] Blackie, S.P., et al., Prediction of maximal oxygen uptake and power during cycle ergometry in subjects older than 55 years of age. Am Rev Respir Dis, 1989. 139(6): p. 1424-9.
[8] Bruce, R.A., F. Kusumi, and D. Hosmer, Maximal oxygen intake and nomographic assessment of functional aerobic impairment in cardiovascular disease. Am Heart J, 1973. 85(4): p. 546-62.
[9] Fairbarn, M.S., et al., Prediction of heart rate and oxygen uptake during incremental and maximal exercise in healthy adults. Chest, 1994. 105(5): p. 1365-9.
[10] Jones, N.L., et al., Normal standards for an incremental progressive cycle ergometer test. Am Rev Respir Dis, 1985. 131(5): p. 700-8.
[11] Edvardsen, E., et al., Reference values for cardiorespiratory response and fitness on the treadmill in a 20- to 85-year-old population. Chest, 2013. 144(1): p. 241-8.
[12] Almeida, A.E., et al., An equation for the prediction of oxygen consumption in a Brazilian population. Arq Bras Cardiol, 2014. 103(4): p. 299-307.
[13] Wasserman, K., et al., Principles of exercise testing and interpretation. Philadelphia : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2011.
[14] Ong, K.C., et al., Predictive values for cardiopulmonary exercise testing in sedentary Chinese adults. Respirology, 2002. 7(3): p. 225-31.
[15] Porszasz, J., et al., A treadmill ramp protocol using simultaneous changes in speed and grade. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 2003. 35(9): p. 1596-603.
[16] Nogueira, F.S. and F.A. Pompeu, Maximal workload prediction models in the clinical cardio- pulmonary effort test. Arq Bras Cardiol, 2006. 87(2): p. 137-45.
[17] Muangritdech, N., et al., A pilot study of maximum aerobic capacity and anaerobic threshold among Thais. Srinagarind Med J 2014. 29(5): p. 442-448.
[18] Dehn, M.M. and R.A. Bruce, Longitudinal variations in maximal oxygen intake with age and activity. J Appl Physiol, 1972. 33(6): p. 805-7.
[19] Lee, D.C., et al., Comparisons of leisure-time physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness as
predictors of all-cause mortality in men and women. Br J Sports Med, 2011. 45(6): p. 504-10.
[20] Wang, C.Y., et al., Cardiorespiratory fitness levels among US adults 20-49 years of age: findings from the 1999-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Am J Epidemiol, 2010. 171(4): p. 426-35.
[21] Drinkwater, B.L., Women and exercise: physiological aspects. Exerc Sport Sci Rev, 1984. 12: p. 21-51.
[22] Cureton, K., et al., Sex difference in maximal oxygen uptake. Effect of equating haemoglobin concentration. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol, 1986. 54(6): p. 656-60.
[23] Kang, J., et al., Gender differences in the progression of metabolic responses during incremental exercise. J Sports Med Phys Fitness, 2006. 46(1): p. 71-8.
[24] Lakatta, E.G., Cardiovascular system. In: Handbook of Physiology, Ed: E.J. Masoro, Oxford University Press, New York, 1995: p. 413-474.
[25] Dempsey, J.A. and D.R. Seals, Aging, exercise, and cardiopulmonary function. In: Perspectives in Exercise and Sports Medicine, Vol. 8, Exercise in Older Adults. Cooper Publishing, Carmel, Indiana, 1995: p. 237-304.
[26] Holloszy, J.O. and W.M. Kohrt, Exercise. In: Handbook of Physiology, Ed: E.J. Masoro,
Oxford University Press, New York, 1995: p. 633-666.
[27] White, T., Skeletal muscle structure and function in older mammals. In: Perspectives in Exercise and Sports Medicine Vol. 8, Exercise in Older Adults, Eds: D.R. Lamb, C.V. Gisolfi and E. . Nadel, Cooper Publishing, Carmel, Indiana, 1995: p. 115-174.
[28] Jones, N.L., E. Summers, and K.J. Killian, Influence of age and stature on exercise capacity during incremental cycle ergometry in men and women. Am Rev Respir Dis, 1989. 140(5): p. 1373-80.
[29] Hansen, J.E., D.Y. Sue, and K. Wasserman, Predicted values for clinical exercise testing. Am Rev Respir Dis, 1984. 129(2 Pt 2): p. S49-55.
[30] Itoh, H., et al., Severity and pathophysiology of heart failure on the basis of anaerobic threshold (AT) and related parameters. Jpn Circ J, 1989. 53(2): p. 146-54.
[31] Vogel, J.A., et al., An analysis of aerobic capacity in a large United States population. J Appl Physiol (1985), 1986. 60(2): p. 494-500.
[32] Hsi, W.L., C. Lan, and J.S. Lai, Normal standards for cardiopulmonary responses to exercise using a cycle ergometer test. J Formos Med Assoc, 1998. 97(5): p. 315-22.
[33] Tayyari, F. and J. Smith, Occupational Ergonomics princi-ples and applications. Kluwer Academic publishers:
Massachusetts., 2003.