Effects of herbal products on fish immunity
Article Sidebar
Published:
Apr 12, 2017
Keywords:
herb, ish immunity, mmunostimulant, fish diseases
Main Article Content
Abstract
Antibiotic and chemical residues in fish products cause researchers and farmers to investigate the application of herbal products as alternatives for fish disease prevention and treatment. The purpose of this article is to review some of the available literature relating to the effects of fifty herbal products containing various active ingredients such as polysaccharides, alkaloids, flavonoids, anthraquinone, essential oils, saponin, and azadirachtin on aquatic animals. These herbal products are able to reduce stress, enhance antioxidant activities, improve immunity, and provide effective modes of fish disease prevention and treatment. Administration of these immunostimulants can be administered by feeding, immersion, and injection. However, an overdose, as with any medication/treatment, could lead to negative effects on aquatic animals.
Article Details
How to Cite
Chitmanat, C. (2017). Effects of herbal products on fish immunity. Asia-Pacific Journal of Science and Technology, 18(2), 257–269. Retrieved from https://so01.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/APST/article/view/82844
Section
Research Articles
References
[1] Information Technology Center, Department of Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives. Fisheries Statistics of Thailand; 2009. No. 9/2011. Thai.
[2] Hill BJ. 2012. International Trade in Farmed Fish and Shellfish: the Impact of Disease Spread. Available from: www.agriculture.de/acms1/conf6/ws9fish.htm
[3] Agnew W, Barnes AC. Streptococcus iniae: an aquatic pathogen of global veterinary significance and a challenging candidate for reliable vaccination. Vet. Microbiol. 2007; 122: 1 – 15.
[4] Graslund S, Holmstrom K, Wahlstrom A. A field survey of chemicals and biological products used in shrimp farming. Marine Pollution Bulletin 2003; 46: 81 – 90.
[5] Harikrishnan R, Balasundaram C, Heo M. Impact of plant products on innate and adaptive immune system of cultured finfish and shellfish. Aquaculture. 2011; 317: 1 – 15.
[6] Punitha SMJ, Babu MM, Sivaram V, Shankar VS, Dhas SA, Mahesh TC, Immanuel G, Citarasu T. Immunostimulating influence of herbal biomedicines on nonspecific immunity in GrouperEpinephelus tauvina juvenile against Vibrio harveyi infection. Aquacult. Int. 2008; 16: 511–23.
[7] Sakai M. Current research statue of fish immunostimulant. Aquaculture 1999; 172: 63 – 92.
[8] Robertsen B. Modulation of the non-specific defence of fish by structurally conserved microbial polymers. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 1999; 9: 269 – 90.
[9] Raa J, Rorstad G, Engstad RE, Robertson B, The use of immunostimulants to increase resistance of aquatic organisms to microbial infections. In: Shariff, M., Subasinghe, R.P., Arthur, J.R. (Eds.), Disease in Asian Aquaculture. Proceedings ofthe First Symposium on Diseases in Asian Aquaculture. Asian Fisheries Society, Philippines; 1992. pp. 39 – 50.
[10] Auro de Ocampo A, Jimenez EM. Herbal medicines in the treatment of fish diseases in Mexico. Vet. Mex. 1993; 24: 291 – 95.
[11] Dey RK, Chandra S. Preliminary studies to raise disease resistant seed (fry) of Indian major carp Catla catla (Ham.) through herbal treatment of spawn. Fish Chimes 1995; 14: 23 – 5.
[12] Direkbusarakom S, Herunsalee A, Yoshimizu M, Ezura Y. Antiviral activity of several Thai traditional herb extracts against fish pathogenic viruses. Fish Pathol. 1996: 31: 209 – 13.
[13] Citarasu T. Herbal biomedicines: a new opportunity for aquaculture industry. Aquacult. Int. 2010; 18: 403 – 14.[14] Liu B, Xie J, Ge X, Xu P, Wang A, He Y, et al. Effects of anthraquinone extract from Rheum officinale Bail on the growth performance and physiological responses of Macrobrachium rosenbergii under high temperature stress. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 2010; 29(1): 49 – 57.
15] Campbell RE, Lilley JH, Richards RH. 1998. The use of natural products in the treatment of EUS (Epizootic Ulcerative Syndrome). In: Kane, A.S., Poynton, S.L. (Eds.), Proceedings of the International Symposium on Aquatic Animal Health. Baltimore, USA.
[16] Harikrishnan R, Heo J, Balasundaram C, Kim MC, Kim SJ, Han YJ. et al. Effect of Punica granatum solvent extracts on immune system and disease resistance in Paralichthys olivaceus against lymphocystis disease virus (LDV). Fish Shellfish Immunol. 2010; 29: 668 – 73.
[17] Chitmanat C, Tongdonmuan K, Nunsong W. The use of crude extracts from traditional medicinal plants to eliminateTrichodina sp. in tilapia (O r e o c h r o m i s n i l o t i c u s) fingerlings. Songklanakarin J. Sci. Technol., 2005, 27(Suppl. 1): 359 – 64.
[18] Harikrishnan R, Balasundaram C, Kim MC, Kim JS, Han YJ, Heo MS. Effect of a mixed herb-enriched diet on the innate immune response and disease resistance of Paralichthys olivaceus against Philasterides dicentrarchi infection. J. Aquat. Animal Health 2010; 22: 235 – 43.
[19] Dey RK. On the use of herbal materials for managing diseases and health conditions of fish during sustainable aquaculture practices. 1997. Abstract, National Workshop on Fish and Shellfish Health Management. CIFA, Bhubaneswar, India.
[20] Citarasu T, Sivaram V, Immanuel G, Rout N, Murugan V. Influence of selected Indian immunostimulant herbs against white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) infection in black tiger shrimp,Penaeus monodon with reference to haematological, biochemical and immunological changes. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 2006; 21: 372 – 84.
[21] Direkbusarakom S, Onthong K, Rungdomneasdwong S, Choutikarn N. Virucidal activity of some Thai traditional herbs against systemic external mesodermal baculovirus in tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon). The proceedings of 35th Kasetsart University Annual conference; 1996 Feb 3 – 5; Bangkok, Thailand.
[22] Chutchawanchaipan W, Thavornyutikarn M, Kasornchandra J. Application of garlic paste against gregarine infection in black tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon. Coastal Aquatic Animal Health Research Institue. Available from: https://www.shrimpcenter.com.
[23] Tangtrongpiros J. White Stool Disease. Division of Research Development and Promotion, Chulalongkorn University. Available from: https://www.research.chula.ac.th/rs_news/2553/N0010_03.html
[24] Tummarongkongsatid A, Rojtinnakorn J. Effective of Thai herbs extracts to inhibit bacterial pathogens in Giant freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii). J. Fish. Tech. Res. 2007; 1(2): 192 – 200. Thai.
[25] Micol V, Caturla N, Perez-Fons L, Mas V., Perez L, Estepa A. The olive leaf exhibits antiviral activity against viral haemorrhagic septicaemia rhabdovirus (VHSV). Antiviral Res. 2005; 66: 129 – 36.
[26] Rattanachaikunsopon P, Phumkhachorn P. Potential of Chinese chive oil as a natural antimicrobial for controllingFlavobacterium columnare infection in Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. Fisheries Science 2009; 75(6): 1431 –37.
[27] Logambal SM, Michael RD. Immunostimulatory effect of Azadirachtin in Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters). Indian J. Exp. Biol. 2000; 38: 1092 – 96.
[28] Siri S, Wadbua P, Wongphathanakul W, Kitancharoen N, Chantaranothai P. Antibacterial and Phytochemical Studies of 20 Thai Medicinal Plants against Catfish-Infectious Bacteria, Aeromonas caviae. KKU Sci. J. 2008: 36(Supplement): 1 – 10.
[29] Wiriyaumpaiwong P, Petjul K. Effect of Traditionally Medical Plants to Inhibit Aquatic Animal Bacteria.Research Report. Rajamangala University of Technology Isan Kalasin Campus. 42 p. Thai.
[30] Wadbua P. Anti-bacterial activity of 41 Thai medicinal plant extracts against infectious-catfish Bacteria,Aeromonas caviae and Aeromonas sobria. Master of Science Thesis in Biochemisty, Graduate School, Khon Kaen University. Thai.
[31] Udomkusonsri P, Trongvanichnam K, Limpoka M, Klangkaew N, Kusucharit N. In vitro Efficacy of the Antifungal Activity of Some Thai Medicinal-Plants on the Pathogenic Fungus,Saprolegnia parasitica H2, in Fish. [Internet]. 2012 [updated 2010 Jul 10; cited 2012 Sep 7]. Available from: https://www.lib.ku.ac.th/KUCONF/KC4503027.pdf
[32] Logambal SM, Venkatalakshmi S, Michael RD. Immunostimulatory effect of leaf extract of Ocimum sanctum Linn. in Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters). Hydrobiologia 2000; 430: 113 – 20.
[33] Venkatalakshmi S, Michael RD. Immunostimulation by leaf extract of Ocimum sanctum Linn. in Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters). J. Aquac. Trop. 2001; 16: 1 – 10.
[34] Rao YV, Chakrabarti R. Stimulation of immunity in Indian major carp Catla catla with herbal feed ingredients. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 2005; 18: 327 – 34.
[35] Divyagnaneswari M, Christybapita D, Michael RD. Enhancement of nonspecific immunity and disease resistance in Oreochromis mossambicus by Solanum trilobatum leaf fractions. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 2007; 23: 249 – 59.
[36] Das BK, Mukherjee SC, Sahu BB, Murjani G. Neem (Azadirachta indica) extract as an antibacterial agent against fish pathogenic bacteria. Indian J Exp Biol. 1999; 37(11):1097 – 100.
[37] Thawonsuwan, J. Efficacy of Oil Macerated Garlic Extract on Immune Responses and Diseases Resistance in White Shrimp (Litopeneaus vannamei Boone). Available from: https://www https://www.aquathai.org/index.php.
[38] Sahu S, Das BK, Mishra BK, Pradhan J, Sarangi N. Effect of Allium sativum on the immunity and survival of Labeo rohita infected with Aeromonas hydrophila. J. Appl. Ichthyol. 2007; 23: 80 – 86.
[39] Nguyen TTT, Mukherjee SC, Pani PK. Studies on the immunostimulatory effect of certain plant extracts on fish. Abstracts: AH-13, The Sixth Indian Fisheries Forum, Mumbai, India, 2002. p. 153.
[40] Xie J, Liu B, Zhou Q, Su Y, He Y, Pan L, et al. Effects of anthraquinone extract from rhubarb Rheum officinale Bail on the crowding stress response and growth of common carp Cyprinus carpio. Aquaculture 2008; 281: 5 – 11.
[41] Christybapita D, Divyagnaneswari M, Dinakaran MR. Oral administration of Eclipta alba leaf aqueous extract enhances the non-specific immune responses and disease resistance of Oreochromis mossambicus. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 2007; 23: 840 – 52.
[42] Sivaram V, Babu MM, Citarasu T, Immanuel G, Murugadass S, Marian MP. Growth and immune response of juvenile greasy groupers (Epinephelus tauvina) fed with herbal antibacterial active principle supplemented diets againstVibrio harveyi infections. Aquaculture 2004; 237: 9 – 20.
[43] Roongkamnertwongsa J, Roongkamnertwongsa S. 2012. Effects of Crude Extract Andrographis paniculata on Blood Component, Immunesystem and Disease Resistance in Seabass (Lates calcarifer Bloch, 1790) Available from: https://www.aquathai.org/web/images/ArticleImage/2010/20101015/00819.pdf
[44] Kumprom T, Promya J, Meng-Umphan K, Whangchai N, Chitmanat C. Effects of Spirulina platensis and Cladophora sp. on Immunity Stimulating Capacity and Color Improvement of Goldfish (Carassius auratus). KKU Res J. 2011; 16(6): 612 – 21.
[45] Park KH, Jeong HD. Enhanced resistance against Edwardsiella tarda infection in tilapia Oreochromis niloticus by administration of protein-bound polysaccharhide.Aquaculture 1996; 141: 135 – 43.
[46] Duncan PL, Klesius PH. Effect of feeding Spirulina on specific and non specific immune response of channel cat fish. J. Aquat. Anim. Health 1996; 8: 308 – 13.
[47] Gildberg A, Bøgwald GAJ, Johansen A, Stenberg E. Isolation of acid peptide fractions from a fish protein hydrolysate with strong stimulatory effect on Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) head kidney leucocytes. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B. 1996; 114: 97 – 101.
[48] Minomol M. Culture of Gold fish Carassius auratus using medicinal plants having immunostimulant characteristics. 2005. M.Phil Dissertation, MS University, India.
[49] Harikrishnan R, Balasundaram C, Kim M, Kim J, Han Y, Heo M. Innate immune response and disease resistance in Carassius auratus by triherbal solvent extracts. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 2009; 27(3): 508 – 15.
[50] Dugenci SK, Arda N, Candan A. Some medicinal plants as immunostimulant for fish. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2003; 88: 99 – 106.
[51] Yin G, Jeney G, Racz T, Xu P, Jun X, Jeney Z. Effect of two Chinese herbs (Astragalus radix and Scutellaria radix) on non-specific immune response of tilapia,Oreochromis niloticus. Aquaculture 2006; 253: 39 – 47.
[52[ Yin G, Ardo L, Thompson KD, Adams A, Jeney Z, Jeney G. Chinese herbs (Astragalus radix and Ganoderma lucidum) enhance immune response of carp, Cyprinus carpio, and protection against Aeromonas hydrophila. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 2009; 26: 140 – 45.
[53] Chen X, Wu Z, Yin J, Li L. Effects of four species of herbs on immune function of Carassius auratus gibelio. J. Fish. Sci. China 2003; 10: 36 – 40. Chinese.
(54) Jian J, Wu Z. Influences of traditional Chinese medicine on non-specific immunity of Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio). Fish Shellfish Immunol. 2004; 16: 185–91.
[55] Chiu PY, Mak DH, Poon MK, Ko KM. In vivo antioxidant action of a lignanenriched extract of Schisandra fruit and an anthraquinone-containing extract of Polygonum root in comparison with schisandrin B and emodin. Planta Med. 2002; 68: 951 – 56.
[56] Rao YV, Das BK, Jyotyrmayee P, Chakrabarti R. Effect of Achyranthes aspera on the immunity and survival of Labeo rohita infected with Aeromonas hydrophila. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 2006; 20: 263 – 73.
[57] Kaewtapee W. Use of herbs as supplementary fed for growth enhancer in tilapia. Rajabhat Chiang Mai Research Journal 2011; 12: 121 – 30.
[58] Boonprasert W, Chaibu P, Promya J, Meng-Umphan K, Chitmanat C. Effects of Babbler’s Bill leaf (Thunbergia laurifolia Linn) crude extract on Glutathione S- transferase and Acetylcholinesterase enzymes in Silver Barb (Barbonymus gonionotus) exposed to paraquat. Journal of Fisheries Technology Research 2011; 5:87 – 96.
[59] Cinatl J, Morgenstern B, Bauer G, Chandra P, Rabenau H, Doerr HW. Glycyrrhizin, an active component of liquorice roots, and replication of SARS associated coronavirus. Lancet 2003; 361: 2045 – 46.
[60] Lin ZB, Zhang HN. Anti-tumor and immunoregulatory activities of Ganoderma lucidum and its possible mechanisms. Acta Pharmacol. Sin. 2004; 25: 1387 – 95.
[61] Zhang YH, Yoshida T, Isobe K, Rahman SM, Nagase F, Ding L, Nakashima I. Modulation by glycyrrhizin of the cell-surface expression of H-2 class 1 antigens on murine tumor cell lines and normal cell populations. Immunology 1990; 70: 405 – 410.
[62] Edahiro T, Hamoguchi M, Kusda R. Effect of glycryrrhizine against streptococcal infection of young yellowtail. Seriola quinqueradiata (in Japanese). Suisanzoshoku 1990; 38: 239 – 43.
[63] Kim KJ, Jang SI, Marsden MJ, Secombes CJ, Choi MS, Kim YG, et al. Effect of glycyrrhizin on rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss leukocyte responses. J. Korean Soc. Microbiol. 1998; 33: 263 – 71.
[64] Logambal SM, Michael RD. Azadirachtin – An immunostimulant in Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters). 1997. Abstract, National workshop on fish and shellfish health management. CIFA, Bhubaneswar, India.
[65] Ninomiya M, Hatta H, Fujiki M, Kim M, Yamamoto TR. Enhancement of chemotactic activity of yellowtail (Seriola quinqueradiata) leucocytes by oral administration of Quillaja saponin. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 1995; 5: 325 – 27.
[66] Giannenas I, Triantafillou E, Stavrakakis S, Margaroni M, Mavridis S, Steiner T, et al. Assessment of dietary supplementation with carvacrol or thymol containing feed additives on performance, intestinal microbiota and antioxidant status of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Aquaculture, In Press.
[67] Ainsworth AJ. β-glucan inhibitable zymosan receptor on channel catfish neutrophils. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 1994; 41: 141 – 52.
[68] Yoshida T, Kruger R, Inglis V. Augmentation of non-specific protection in African catfish, Clarias gariepinus (Burchell), by the long-term oral administration of immunostimulants. J. Fish Dis. 1995; 18: 195 – 98.
[69] Alexander CP, Kirubakaran CJW, Michael RD. Water soluble fraction of Tinospora cordifolia leaves enhanced the non-specific immune mechanisms and disease resistance in Oreochromis mossambicus Fish Shellfish Immunol. 2010; 29(5): 765 – 72.
[70] Harikrishnan R, Balasundaram C. In vitro and in vivo Studies of the use of some medicinal herbals against the pathogen Aeromonas hydrophila in goldfish. J. Aquat. Anim. Health 2008; 20: 165 – 76.
[71] Harikrishnan P, Nisha RM, Balasundaram C. Hematological and biochemical parameters in common carp, Cyprinus carpio, following herbal treatmentforAeromonas hydrophila infection. Aquaculture 2003; 222: 41 – 50.
[72] Thuy NTT, Mukherjee SC, Prasad PK. Studies on the immnostimulatory effect of certain of certain plant extracts on fish. 2002. The sixth Indian Fisheries Forum, Mumbai, India.
[73] Abutbul S, Golan-Goldhirsh A, Brazani O, Zilberg D. Use of Rosmarinus officinalis as a treatment against Streptococcus iniae in tilapia (Oreochromis sp.). Aquaculture 2004; 238: 97 – 105.
[74] Immanuel G, Vincy Bai VC, Palavesam A, Marian PM. Effect of butanolic extracts from terrestrial herbs and seaweeds on the survival, growth and pathogen (Vibrio parahaemolyticus) load on shrimpPenaeus indicus juveniles. Aquaculture 2004; 236: 53 – 65.
[75] Citarasu T, Ramalingam VK, Raja Jeya Sekar R, Babu MM, Marian M. Influence of the antibacterial herbs, Solanum trilobatum, Andrographis paniculata and Psoralea corylifolia on the survival, growth and bacterial load of Penaeus monodon post larvae. Aquac. Int. 2003; 11: 583 – 95.
[76] Chitmanat C. Fish Welfare. Naresuan University Journal 2010; 18(2): 106 – 111. Thai.
[77] Kim KH, Hwang YJ, Bai SC. Resistance to Vibrio alginolyticus in juvenile rockfish (Sebastes schlegeli) fed diets containing different doses of aloe. Aquaculture 1999; 180: 13 – 21.
[78] Robertsen B, Ehgstad RE, Jørgensen JB. In: Stolen, J.S., Fletcher, T.C. (Eds.), β-glucan as immunostimulants in fish. Modulators of Fish Immune Response, 1. SOS Publications, Fair Haven, NJ, 1994. pp. 83 – 99.
[79] Kajita Y, Sakai M, Atsuta S, Kobayashi M. The immunomodulatory effects of levamisole on rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Fish Pathol. 1990; 25: 93 – 8.
[2] Hill BJ. 2012. International Trade in Farmed Fish and Shellfish: the Impact of Disease Spread. Available from: www.agriculture.de/acms1/conf6/ws9fish.htm
[3] Agnew W, Barnes AC. Streptococcus iniae: an aquatic pathogen of global veterinary significance and a challenging candidate for reliable vaccination. Vet. Microbiol. 2007; 122: 1 – 15.
[4] Graslund S, Holmstrom K, Wahlstrom A. A field survey of chemicals and biological products used in shrimp farming. Marine Pollution Bulletin 2003; 46: 81 – 90.
[5] Harikrishnan R, Balasundaram C, Heo M. Impact of plant products on innate and adaptive immune system of cultured finfish and shellfish. Aquaculture. 2011; 317: 1 – 15.
[6] Punitha SMJ, Babu MM, Sivaram V, Shankar VS, Dhas SA, Mahesh TC, Immanuel G, Citarasu T. Immunostimulating influence of herbal biomedicines on nonspecific immunity in GrouperEpinephelus tauvina juvenile against Vibrio harveyi infection. Aquacult. Int. 2008; 16: 511–23.
[7] Sakai M. Current research statue of fish immunostimulant. Aquaculture 1999; 172: 63 – 92.
[8] Robertsen B. Modulation of the non-specific defence of fish by structurally conserved microbial polymers. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 1999; 9: 269 – 90.
[9] Raa J, Rorstad G, Engstad RE, Robertson B, The use of immunostimulants to increase resistance of aquatic organisms to microbial infections. In: Shariff, M., Subasinghe, R.P., Arthur, J.R. (Eds.), Disease in Asian Aquaculture. Proceedings ofthe First Symposium on Diseases in Asian Aquaculture. Asian Fisheries Society, Philippines; 1992. pp. 39 – 50.
[10] Auro de Ocampo A, Jimenez EM. Herbal medicines in the treatment of fish diseases in Mexico. Vet. Mex. 1993; 24: 291 – 95.
[11] Dey RK, Chandra S. Preliminary studies to raise disease resistant seed (fry) of Indian major carp Catla catla (Ham.) through herbal treatment of spawn. Fish Chimes 1995; 14: 23 – 5.
[12] Direkbusarakom S, Herunsalee A, Yoshimizu M, Ezura Y. Antiviral activity of several Thai traditional herb extracts against fish pathogenic viruses. Fish Pathol. 1996: 31: 209 – 13.
[13] Citarasu T. Herbal biomedicines: a new opportunity for aquaculture industry. Aquacult. Int. 2010; 18: 403 – 14.[14] Liu B, Xie J, Ge X, Xu P, Wang A, He Y, et al. Effects of anthraquinone extract from Rheum officinale Bail on the growth performance and physiological responses of Macrobrachium rosenbergii under high temperature stress. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 2010; 29(1): 49 – 57.
15] Campbell RE, Lilley JH, Richards RH. 1998. The use of natural products in the treatment of EUS (Epizootic Ulcerative Syndrome). In: Kane, A.S., Poynton, S.L. (Eds.), Proceedings of the International Symposium on Aquatic Animal Health. Baltimore, USA.
[16] Harikrishnan R, Heo J, Balasundaram C, Kim MC, Kim SJ, Han YJ. et al. Effect of Punica granatum solvent extracts on immune system and disease resistance in Paralichthys olivaceus against lymphocystis disease virus (LDV). Fish Shellfish Immunol. 2010; 29: 668 – 73.
[17] Chitmanat C, Tongdonmuan K, Nunsong W. The use of crude extracts from traditional medicinal plants to eliminateTrichodina sp. in tilapia (O r e o c h r o m i s n i l o t i c u s) fingerlings. Songklanakarin J. Sci. Technol., 2005, 27(Suppl. 1): 359 – 64.
[18] Harikrishnan R, Balasundaram C, Kim MC, Kim JS, Han YJ, Heo MS. Effect of a mixed herb-enriched diet on the innate immune response and disease resistance of Paralichthys olivaceus against Philasterides dicentrarchi infection. J. Aquat. Animal Health 2010; 22: 235 – 43.
[19] Dey RK. On the use of herbal materials for managing diseases and health conditions of fish during sustainable aquaculture practices. 1997. Abstract, National Workshop on Fish and Shellfish Health Management. CIFA, Bhubaneswar, India.
[20] Citarasu T, Sivaram V, Immanuel G, Rout N, Murugan V. Influence of selected Indian immunostimulant herbs against white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) infection in black tiger shrimp,Penaeus monodon with reference to haematological, biochemical and immunological changes. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 2006; 21: 372 – 84.
[21] Direkbusarakom S, Onthong K, Rungdomneasdwong S, Choutikarn N. Virucidal activity of some Thai traditional herbs against systemic external mesodermal baculovirus in tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon). The proceedings of 35th Kasetsart University Annual conference; 1996 Feb 3 – 5; Bangkok, Thailand.
[22] Chutchawanchaipan W, Thavornyutikarn M, Kasornchandra J. Application of garlic paste against gregarine infection in black tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon. Coastal Aquatic Animal Health Research Institue. Available from: https://www.shrimpcenter.com.
[23] Tangtrongpiros J. White Stool Disease. Division of Research Development and Promotion, Chulalongkorn University. Available from: https://www.research.chula.ac.th/rs_news/2553/N0010_03.html
[24] Tummarongkongsatid A, Rojtinnakorn J. Effective of Thai herbs extracts to inhibit bacterial pathogens in Giant freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii). J. Fish. Tech. Res. 2007; 1(2): 192 – 200. Thai.
[25] Micol V, Caturla N, Perez-Fons L, Mas V., Perez L, Estepa A. The olive leaf exhibits antiviral activity against viral haemorrhagic septicaemia rhabdovirus (VHSV). Antiviral Res. 2005; 66: 129 – 36.
[26] Rattanachaikunsopon P, Phumkhachorn P. Potential of Chinese chive oil as a natural antimicrobial for controllingFlavobacterium columnare infection in Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. Fisheries Science 2009; 75(6): 1431 –37.
[27] Logambal SM, Michael RD. Immunostimulatory effect of Azadirachtin in Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters). Indian J. Exp. Biol. 2000; 38: 1092 – 96.
[28] Siri S, Wadbua P, Wongphathanakul W, Kitancharoen N, Chantaranothai P. Antibacterial and Phytochemical Studies of 20 Thai Medicinal Plants against Catfish-Infectious Bacteria, Aeromonas caviae. KKU Sci. J. 2008: 36(Supplement): 1 – 10.
[29] Wiriyaumpaiwong P, Petjul K. Effect of Traditionally Medical Plants to Inhibit Aquatic Animal Bacteria.Research Report. Rajamangala University of Technology Isan Kalasin Campus. 42 p. Thai.
[30] Wadbua P. Anti-bacterial activity of 41 Thai medicinal plant extracts against infectious-catfish Bacteria,Aeromonas caviae and Aeromonas sobria. Master of Science Thesis in Biochemisty, Graduate School, Khon Kaen University. Thai.
[31] Udomkusonsri P, Trongvanichnam K, Limpoka M, Klangkaew N, Kusucharit N. In vitro Efficacy of the Antifungal Activity of Some Thai Medicinal-Plants on the Pathogenic Fungus,Saprolegnia parasitica H2, in Fish. [Internet]. 2012 [updated 2010 Jul 10; cited 2012 Sep 7]. Available from: https://www.lib.ku.ac.th/KUCONF/KC4503027.pdf
[32] Logambal SM, Venkatalakshmi S, Michael RD. Immunostimulatory effect of leaf extract of Ocimum sanctum Linn. in Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters). Hydrobiologia 2000; 430: 113 – 20.
[33] Venkatalakshmi S, Michael RD. Immunostimulation by leaf extract of Ocimum sanctum Linn. in Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters). J. Aquac. Trop. 2001; 16: 1 – 10.
[34] Rao YV, Chakrabarti R. Stimulation of immunity in Indian major carp Catla catla with herbal feed ingredients. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 2005; 18: 327 – 34.
[35] Divyagnaneswari M, Christybapita D, Michael RD. Enhancement of nonspecific immunity and disease resistance in Oreochromis mossambicus by Solanum trilobatum leaf fractions. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 2007; 23: 249 – 59.
[36] Das BK, Mukherjee SC, Sahu BB, Murjani G. Neem (Azadirachta indica) extract as an antibacterial agent against fish pathogenic bacteria. Indian J Exp Biol. 1999; 37(11):1097 – 100.
[37] Thawonsuwan, J. Efficacy of Oil Macerated Garlic Extract on Immune Responses and Diseases Resistance in White Shrimp (Litopeneaus vannamei Boone). Available from: https://www https://www.aquathai.org/index.php.
[38] Sahu S, Das BK, Mishra BK, Pradhan J, Sarangi N. Effect of Allium sativum on the immunity and survival of Labeo rohita infected with Aeromonas hydrophila. J. Appl. Ichthyol. 2007; 23: 80 – 86.
[39] Nguyen TTT, Mukherjee SC, Pani PK. Studies on the immunostimulatory effect of certain plant extracts on fish. Abstracts: AH-13, The Sixth Indian Fisheries Forum, Mumbai, India, 2002. p. 153.
[40] Xie J, Liu B, Zhou Q, Su Y, He Y, Pan L, et al. Effects of anthraquinone extract from rhubarb Rheum officinale Bail on the crowding stress response and growth of common carp Cyprinus carpio. Aquaculture 2008; 281: 5 – 11.
[41] Christybapita D, Divyagnaneswari M, Dinakaran MR. Oral administration of Eclipta alba leaf aqueous extract enhances the non-specific immune responses and disease resistance of Oreochromis mossambicus. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 2007; 23: 840 – 52.
[42] Sivaram V, Babu MM, Citarasu T, Immanuel G, Murugadass S, Marian MP. Growth and immune response of juvenile greasy groupers (Epinephelus tauvina) fed with herbal antibacterial active principle supplemented diets againstVibrio harveyi infections. Aquaculture 2004; 237: 9 – 20.
[43] Roongkamnertwongsa J, Roongkamnertwongsa S. 2012. Effects of Crude Extract Andrographis paniculata on Blood Component, Immunesystem and Disease Resistance in Seabass (Lates calcarifer Bloch, 1790) Available from: https://www.aquathai.org/web/images/ArticleImage/2010/20101015/00819.pdf
[44] Kumprom T, Promya J, Meng-Umphan K, Whangchai N, Chitmanat C. Effects of Spirulina platensis and Cladophora sp. on Immunity Stimulating Capacity and Color Improvement of Goldfish (Carassius auratus). KKU Res J. 2011; 16(6): 612 – 21.
[45] Park KH, Jeong HD. Enhanced resistance against Edwardsiella tarda infection in tilapia Oreochromis niloticus by administration of protein-bound polysaccharhide.Aquaculture 1996; 141: 135 – 43.
[46] Duncan PL, Klesius PH. Effect of feeding Spirulina on specific and non specific immune response of channel cat fish. J. Aquat. Anim. Health 1996; 8: 308 – 13.
[47] Gildberg A, Bøgwald GAJ, Johansen A, Stenberg E. Isolation of acid peptide fractions from a fish protein hydrolysate with strong stimulatory effect on Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) head kidney leucocytes. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B. 1996; 114: 97 – 101.
[48] Minomol M. Culture of Gold fish Carassius auratus using medicinal plants having immunostimulant characteristics. 2005. M.Phil Dissertation, MS University, India.
[49] Harikrishnan R, Balasundaram C, Kim M, Kim J, Han Y, Heo M. Innate immune response and disease resistance in Carassius auratus by triherbal solvent extracts. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 2009; 27(3): 508 – 15.
[50] Dugenci SK, Arda N, Candan A. Some medicinal plants as immunostimulant for fish. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2003; 88: 99 – 106.
[51] Yin G, Jeney G, Racz T, Xu P, Jun X, Jeney Z. Effect of two Chinese herbs (Astragalus radix and Scutellaria radix) on non-specific immune response of tilapia,Oreochromis niloticus. Aquaculture 2006; 253: 39 – 47.
[52[ Yin G, Ardo L, Thompson KD, Adams A, Jeney Z, Jeney G. Chinese herbs (Astragalus radix and Ganoderma lucidum) enhance immune response of carp, Cyprinus carpio, and protection against Aeromonas hydrophila. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 2009; 26: 140 – 45.
[53] Chen X, Wu Z, Yin J, Li L. Effects of four species of herbs on immune function of Carassius auratus gibelio. J. Fish. Sci. China 2003; 10: 36 – 40. Chinese.
(54) Jian J, Wu Z. Influences of traditional Chinese medicine on non-specific immunity of Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio). Fish Shellfish Immunol. 2004; 16: 185–91.
[55] Chiu PY, Mak DH, Poon MK, Ko KM. In vivo antioxidant action of a lignanenriched extract of Schisandra fruit and an anthraquinone-containing extract of Polygonum root in comparison with schisandrin B and emodin. Planta Med. 2002; 68: 951 – 56.
[56] Rao YV, Das BK, Jyotyrmayee P, Chakrabarti R. Effect of Achyranthes aspera on the immunity and survival of Labeo rohita infected with Aeromonas hydrophila. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 2006; 20: 263 – 73.
[57] Kaewtapee W. Use of herbs as supplementary fed for growth enhancer in tilapia. Rajabhat Chiang Mai Research Journal 2011; 12: 121 – 30.
[58] Boonprasert W, Chaibu P, Promya J, Meng-Umphan K, Chitmanat C. Effects of Babbler’s Bill leaf (Thunbergia laurifolia Linn) crude extract on Glutathione S- transferase and Acetylcholinesterase enzymes in Silver Barb (Barbonymus gonionotus) exposed to paraquat. Journal of Fisheries Technology Research 2011; 5:87 – 96.
[59] Cinatl J, Morgenstern B, Bauer G, Chandra P, Rabenau H, Doerr HW. Glycyrrhizin, an active component of liquorice roots, and replication of SARS associated coronavirus. Lancet 2003; 361: 2045 – 46.
[60] Lin ZB, Zhang HN. Anti-tumor and immunoregulatory activities of Ganoderma lucidum and its possible mechanisms. Acta Pharmacol. Sin. 2004; 25: 1387 – 95.
[61] Zhang YH, Yoshida T, Isobe K, Rahman SM, Nagase F, Ding L, Nakashima I. Modulation by glycyrrhizin of the cell-surface expression of H-2 class 1 antigens on murine tumor cell lines and normal cell populations. Immunology 1990; 70: 405 – 410.
[62] Edahiro T, Hamoguchi M, Kusda R. Effect of glycryrrhizine against streptococcal infection of young yellowtail. Seriola quinqueradiata (in Japanese). Suisanzoshoku 1990; 38: 239 – 43.
[63] Kim KJ, Jang SI, Marsden MJ, Secombes CJ, Choi MS, Kim YG, et al. Effect of glycyrrhizin on rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss leukocyte responses. J. Korean Soc. Microbiol. 1998; 33: 263 – 71.
[64] Logambal SM, Michael RD. Azadirachtin – An immunostimulant in Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters). 1997. Abstract, National workshop on fish and shellfish health management. CIFA, Bhubaneswar, India.
[65] Ninomiya M, Hatta H, Fujiki M, Kim M, Yamamoto TR. Enhancement of chemotactic activity of yellowtail (Seriola quinqueradiata) leucocytes by oral administration of Quillaja saponin. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 1995; 5: 325 – 27.
[66] Giannenas I, Triantafillou E, Stavrakakis S, Margaroni M, Mavridis S, Steiner T, et al. Assessment of dietary supplementation with carvacrol or thymol containing feed additives on performance, intestinal microbiota and antioxidant status of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Aquaculture, In Press.
[67] Ainsworth AJ. β-glucan inhibitable zymosan receptor on channel catfish neutrophils. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 1994; 41: 141 – 52.
[68] Yoshida T, Kruger R, Inglis V. Augmentation of non-specific protection in African catfish, Clarias gariepinus (Burchell), by the long-term oral administration of immunostimulants. J. Fish Dis. 1995; 18: 195 – 98.
[69] Alexander CP, Kirubakaran CJW, Michael RD. Water soluble fraction of Tinospora cordifolia leaves enhanced the non-specific immune mechanisms and disease resistance in Oreochromis mossambicus Fish Shellfish Immunol. 2010; 29(5): 765 – 72.
[70] Harikrishnan R, Balasundaram C. In vitro and in vivo Studies of the use of some medicinal herbals against the pathogen Aeromonas hydrophila in goldfish. J. Aquat. Anim. Health 2008; 20: 165 – 76.
[71] Harikrishnan P, Nisha RM, Balasundaram C. Hematological and biochemical parameters in common carp, Cyprinus carpio, following herbal treatmentforAeromonas hydrophila infection. Aquaculture 2003; 222: 41 – 50.
[72] Thuy NTT, Mukherjee SC, Prasad PK. Studies on the immnostimulatory effect of certain of certain plant extracts on fish. 2002. The sixth Indian Fisheries Forum, Mumbai, India.
[73] Abutbul S, Golan-Goldhirsh A, Brazani O, Zilberg D. Use of Rosmarinus officinalis as a treatment against Streptococcus iniae in tilapia (Oreochromis sp.). Aquaculture 2004; 238: 97 – 105.
[74] Immanuel G, Vincy Bai VC, Palavesam A, Marian PM. Effect of butanolic extracts from terrestrial herbs and seaweeds on the survival, growth and pathogen (Vibrio parahaemolyticus) load on shrimpPenaeus indicus juveniles. Aquaculture 2004; 236: 53 – 65.
[75] Citarasu T, Ramalingam VK, Raja Jeya Sekar R, Babu MM, Marian M. Influence of the antibacterial herbs, Solanum trilobatum, Andrographis paniculata and Psoralea corylifolia on the survival, growth and bacterial load of Penaeus monodon post larvae. Aquac. Int. 2003; 11: 583 – 95.
[76] Chitmanat C. Fish Welfare. Naresuan University Journal 2010; 18(2): 106 – 111. Thai.
[77] Kim KH, Hwang YJ, Bai SC. Resistance to Vibrio alginolyticus in juvenile rockfish (Sebastes schlegeli) fed diets containing different doses of aloe. Aquaculture 1999; 180: 13 – 21.
[78] Robertsen B, Ehgstad RE, Jørgensen JB. In: Stolen, J.S., Fletcher, T.C. (Eds.), β-glucan as immunostimulants in fish. Modulators of Fish Immune Response, 1. SOS Publications, Fair Haven, NJ, 1994. pp. 83 – 99.
[79] Kajita Y, Sakai M, Atsuta S, Kobayashi M. The immunomodulatory effects of levamisole on rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Fish Pathol. 1990; 25: 93 – 8.