Causal Factors Influencing Student Persistence In the Pathum Thani Provincial Office of Learning Encouragement Under The Department of Learning Encouragement

Abstract

This research article aimed to (1) study the context and origins of environmental policy implementation in the sugarcane and sugar industry, and (2) examine the interactions among key actors involved in the implementation process. This study employed a qualitative research approach, using documentary research and in-depth interviews with 28 key informants. The findings reveal that (1) The context and origins of environmental policy implementation in the sugarcane and sugar industry during the period can be divided into four phases: 1) The awakening period driven by global environmental movements (1992–2006), 2) The silent period (2006–2008), 3) The return of democratic governance (2008–2014), and 4) The period under the National Council for Peace and Order (2014–2022). Each phase was influenced by international agreements such as the Earth Summit, Kyoto Protocol, and Paris Agreement. These international frameworks were translated into domestic policies through national legislation, including the Factory Act B.E. 2535 (1992) and the Enhancement and Conservation of National Environmental Quality Acts B.E. 2535 (1992) and B.E. 2561 (2018), implemented via bureaucratic systems to address both domestic environmental challenges and global trade obligations. (2) The interactions among policy actors could be categorized into three types: 1) Government and private sector interactions, which were characterized by top-down control and reciprocal exchanges; 2) Government and civil society interactions, which involved mechanisms of oversight and accountability; and 3) Private sector and civil society interactions, which included three subtypes—(a) interactions between private sector and sugarcane farmers based on mutual group interests, (b) interactions between private sector and local communities characterized by patron-client relationships, and (c) interactions between private sector and NGOs defined by conflict over interests. These interaction dynamics significantly hindered the success of environmental pollution mitigation efforts.