Guidelines for Integrating Local Wisdom into Landscape Architectural Design for Sustainable Development: A Case Study of Muang Khong Community, Chiang Dao District, Chiang Mai Province

Abstract

This study focuses on integrating local wisdom into the landscape architectural design process to promote sustainable development in Muang Khong, a rural ethnic community located in Chiang Dao District, Chiang Mai Province. The community is characterized by its unique way of life, cultural traditions, and deep interdependence with the natural environment and ecosystems. In particular, Muang Khong demonstrates indigenous wisdom in water management through the Muang Fai irrigation system, seasonal-based agricultural practices, and forest resource utilization deeply intertwined with spiritual beliefs. The objectives of this research are: (1) to explore the local wisdom relevant to landscape architecture in Muang Khong Community, and (2) to develop an integrated framework for incorporating such wisdom into the landscape architectural design process, with attention to cultural, social, and environmental dimensions. The study adopts a qualitative research methodology, collecting data between September and December 2024 through in-depth interviews, focus group discussions, and field surveys. A total of 36 participants were selected using purposive and quota sampling, including 6 community leaders and 30 local residents. Research instruments included semi-structured interview guides and spatial data survey forms. The findings reveal that local wisdom in Muang Khong is manifested through kinship-based settlement patterns, where family houses are arranged around a central courtyard (khuang) that functions as a communal space for both daily life and annual rituals such as the Suep Chata ceremony and forest spirit worship. Residential architecture is adapted to the hilly topography by elevating structures to mitigate heavy rain and water runoff during the monsoon season. Construction materials are primarily derived from natural and local sources, such as bamboo and softwood, with designs that allow easy disassembly and repair. Natural resource management is carried out systematically through the traditional Muang Fai irrigation network, where equitable water allocation is managed via a community-led system known as Kae Fai, aligned with seasonal agricultural cycles. Additionally, the conservation of community forests—valued as sources of food, herbal medicine, and spiritual sanctity—is reinforced by rituals that honor forest and mountain spirits, reflecting a holistic integration of ecology, culture, and spirituality. This local wisdom forms the foundation for a sustainable approach to landscape architectural design, which can be categorized into three key dimensions: (1) cultural identity and heritage, (2) environmental sustainability and efficient resource use, and (3) social inclusion and community participation. The proposed framework contributes to the conservation and revitalization of local wisdom, mitigates environmental impacts, supports sustainable resource governance, and preserves local identity in alignment with development practices appropriate to eco-cultural ethnic communities such as Muang Khong.