The Politics of E-Cigarette Regulation and Advocacy in Thailand, 2011–2023

Abstract

This study aimed to: (1) examine the context and analyze political actors involved in the e-cigarette controversy in Thailand between 2011 and 2023; (2) study the interactions among political actors engaged in the struggle over e-cigarette policies during the same period; and (3) identify problems and new findings related to the political contention over e-cigarettes in Thailand. A qualitative research methodology was employed through in-depth interviews with 18 key informants who possessed knowledge and direct experience concerning the political movement around e-cigarettes. The data collected from the interviews were analyzed by synthesizing key themes alongside document analysis. The documents used in this study included both primary sources—such as information from relevant stakeholders and official reports—and secondary sources, including academic research, books, and scholarly articles.

Findings reveal that the political struggle over e-cigarettes in Thailand reflects active participation from various sectors, including the government, civil society, and consumers. Conflicts have emerged around legal interpretations and health policies affecting the use of e-cigarettes, with political authorities exerting their influence to regulate these products. Regarding Objective 1, it was found that changes in political regimes between 2011 and 2023 significantly influenced the direction of e-cigarette policies. While each administration had differing positions, a consistent overarching stance has been to classify e-cigarettes as illegal. Despite numerous parliamentary discussions, no administration has taken concrete policy actions. For Objective 2, state agencies such as the Ministry of Public Health, Ministry of Commerce, Customs Department, and the police have played roles in controlling and enforcing laws related to e-cigarettes. However, their efforts have faced challenges due to fragmented coordination, lack of clarity, and limitations in addressing the illicit importation and widespread black-market distribution. As for Objective 3, a key issue identified is the absence of a specific legal framework for regulating e-cigarettes, which has hindered the effectiveness of enforcement, access control for youth, and tax collection. This legal gap has also caused public confusion about the legal status of e-cigarettes. The study highlights the urgent need for dedicated legislation to effectively regulate the production, sale, and use of e-cigarettes, safeguard public health, and prevent youth access. Furthermore, such measures would enhance policy clarity and contribute to more coherent national regulation.