Suicide News Reporting in the Thai Social Context: Decoding Communications through Media in Digital Era

Main Article Content

Nitida Sangsingkeo

Abstract

The study of suicide news in the social context of Thailand was examined through media in digital era. Qualitative research was done with data obtained by textual analysis and in-depth interviews. The objectives were to 1) formulate a set of significance for suicide as represented on digital media and to 2) define challenges in constructing suicide prevention mechanisms in Thailand.


Results were that suicide had innovative force, impacting the public, especially during Novel Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic life challenges, changes, and crises. Media representations of suicide reflected mixed images redolent of myth, stereotype, and conveying abnormality through multiple discourses. This situation requires revisiting journalistic principles and practices for accuracy, objectivity, and ideology as key professional ingredients. Emerging alternative images related to suicide protection and preventions may build a better public understanding of the causes of suicide. The online community serves as a liberated space for sharing suicidal emotions and experiences to create new narratives and allow the subject to be widely discussed. These findings suggest that the government should seek collaboration among all sectors and facilitate policy co-creator changes in public suicide discourse.

Article Details

Section
Research Articles

References

Allan, S. (2010). News culture (issues in cultural and media studies) (3rd ed.). Berkshire: Open University Press.

Banerjee, D., Kosagisharaf, J. R., & Sathyanarayana, R. T. S. (2021). The dual pandemic’ of suicide and COVID-19: A biopsychosocial narrative of risks and prevention. Psychiatry Research 295, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113577

Beck, U. (1992). Risk society: Towards a new modernity. London: Sage Publications.

Boonsiriphan, M. (2013). Wārasānsāt bư̄angton: Pratyā læ nǣokhit [Introduction to journalism: Philosophy and concepts]. Bangkok: Thammasat University Press.

Castells, M. (2015). Networks of outrage and hope social movement in the internet age (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Polity Press.

Chantavanich. S. (2016). Thritsadī sangkhomwitthayā [Theory of sociology]. Bangkok: Chulalongkorn University Press.

Charoenwongsak, K. (2000). Kānčhatkān khrư̄akhāi: Konlayut samkhan sū khwāmsamret khō̜ng kanpatirū kānsưksā [Network management key strategies for the success of educational reform]. Bangkok: Success Media.

Chawengsaksongkhram, P. (2015). Khrư̄akhai khrư̄akhāi khantō̜n nai kān ronnarong læ konlayut kānsư̄sān khō̜ng khrōngkān sūan phak khonmư̄ang [Network, campaign procedures and communication strategies of the urban vegetable garden project] (Master’s thesis, Thammasat University).

Chen, Y. Y., Wu, K. C. C., Yousuf, S., & Yip, P. S. (2011). Suicide in Asia: Opportunities and challenges. Epidemiologic Reviews, 34(1), 129–144.

Durkheim, E. (1897). Suicide, a study in sociology. London: Routledge.

Flew, T. (2002). New media: An introduction. New York: Oxford University Press.

Foucault, M. (1954). Mental illness and psychology. New York: Harper Colophon.

Foucault, M. (1980). Power/knowledge. In C. Gordon (Ed.), Selected Essays and Other Writings. Brighton: Harvester Press.

Goffman, E. (1961). Asylums. New York: Doubleday Anchor.

Greenwood, S. (2018). Future journalism where we are and where we’re going. London: Routledge.

Hawton, K., Saunders, K. E., & O’Connor, R. C. (2012). Self-harm and suicide in adolescents. The Lancet, 379(9834), 2373-2382.

Hinwiman, S., Louiyaphong, K., & Isaradej, T. (2004). Khrư̄akhāi kānsư̄sān kap sakkayaphāp kān damrong yū khō̜ng chumchon: sưksā kō̜ranī bān thung khwāng ʻamphœ̄ phanat nikhom čhangwat Chon Burī [Communication networks and community existence potential: A case study of Ban Thung Kwang, Phanat Nikhom district Chonburi province]. Bangkok: Thailand Science Research and Innovation.

Isranews Agency. (2021, July 9). Sō̜ng yutthasāt nānā prathēt rapmư̄ ' khā tūa tāi ' phung sūng yuk khō wit [A look at international strategies. Coping with 'suicide' soaring in the era of Covid]. https://www.isranews.org/article/isranews/100316-isranews-health-2.html

Kaewthep, K. (1998). Ssư̄sānmūanchon thritsadī læ nǣothāng kānsưksā [Mass communication. Theories and educational approaches]. Bangkok: Pappim Printing.

Kaewthep, K., Louiyaphong, K., Plianroong, S., Suksot, N., Pilun-owad, O., Kitvisala, K., Sinsuwan, N., Sathapitanon, P., Eamkijkarn, P., & Nakornthap, A. (2012). Sư̄ kao - sư̄ mai: Sanya ʻattalak ʻudomkān [Old media-new media: Sanya, identity, ideology]. Bangkok: Printmaking.

Kaewthep, K., & Hinwiman, S. (2008). Sāi thān hǣng nak khit thritsadī sētthasāt kānmư̄ang kap sư̄sān sưksā [The stream of political economic theory thinkers and communication studies]. Bangkok: Pappim Printing.

Kaewthep, K., & Chaikhunpol, N. (2013). Kkhūmư̄ sư̄ mai sưksā [New media study guide]. Bangkok: Pappim Printing.

Limpanavivit, S. (2004). Wāt kam nai khāo ʻattawinibātkam khō̜ng nangsư̄phim Thai [Discourse in suicide news in Thai newspapers] (Master’s thesis, Chulalongkorn University).

McQuail, D. (2013). Journalism and society. Los Angeles: Sage Publications.

McTernan, N., Spillane, A., Cully, G., Cusack, E., O'Reilly, T., & Arensman, E. (2018). Media reporting of suicide and adherence to media guidelines. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 64(6), 536-544.

Media Alert. (2021). Kān rāingān khāo khā tūa tāi nai sư̄ thōrathat [Reporting suicide in television media]. Retrieved December 5, 2021, from https://www.thaimediafund.or.th/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/doc007.pdf

National Press Council. (2022). Nǣothāng patibatkān tham khāo khā tūa tāi khō̜ng saphā kān [Guidelines for the committee's suicide news practice]. Retrieved March 1, 2022, from https://www.presscouncil.or.th/regulation/7177

Netphokaew, A. (2018). Sư̄ sāt: Lakkān nǣokhit nawattakam [Media science, principles, concepts, innovations]. Pathum Thani: Nakorn.

Phipitkul, W., & Kanpai, K. (2003). Phēt læ kānsư̄sān nai sangkhom Thai [Gender and communication in Thai society]. Bangkok: Chulalongkorn University.

Ramsut, P., & Thongnok, T. (2020). Thānandō̜n thī hā čhāk phāk prachā sangkhom phū trūat sō̜p sư̄ sū phonlamư̄ang ʻō̜nlai [5th position from the civil society sector who examines the media to online citizens]. Bangkok: Kobfai.

Sangsingkeo, N. (2011). Hearing audience: An analysis of the dynamic constructions of ‘mental illness’ in the Thai cultural context. In 3rd European Communication Conference (pp.4). Hamburg, Germany: European Communication Research and Education Association (ECREA).

Sangsingkeo, N. (2018). Sư̄ sān læ phūkhon nai sangkhom thī plīanplǣng [Communication and people in a changing society]. Pathum Thani: Thammasat University Press.

Sripad, M. N., Pantoji, M., Gowda, G. S., Ganjekar, S., Reddi, V. S. K., & Math, S. B. (2021). Suicide in the context of Covid 19 diagnosis in India: Insights and implications from online print media reports. Psychiatry Research, 298, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2021.113799

Stack, S. (2005). Suicide in the media: A quantitative review of studies based on non-fictional stories. Suicide and Life Threatening Behavior, 35(2), 121-133.

Suicide Watch Center. (2021). ʻAttrā kān khā tūa tāi samret tō̜ prachākō̜n sǣn khon [Suicide rate in Thailand]. Retrieved August 12, 2022, from https://suicide.dmh.go.th/report/suicide/stat_prov.asp

Vaahensalo, E. (2021). Creating the other in online interaction: Othering online discourse theory. Retrieved August 12, 2022, from https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/978-1-83982-848-520211016/full/html

Walliko, P. (2004). Khwāmmāi khwāmsamkhan læ watthuprasong khō̜ng kān khāo nūaithī 1. Nai Pramūan sāra chut wichākān khāo bư̄angton nūaithī nưng - hok [Meaning, importance and objectives of news releases, unit 1. In introduction to news series, units 1-6]. Nonthaburi: Sukhothai Thammathirat University.

Wittayarat, S. (2022). Ngān khāo: Lakkān læ theknik (The news: Principles and techniques]. Bangkok: The King Printing.

World Health Organization [WHO]. (2000). Preventing suicide: A resource for media professionals. Geneva: World Health Organization.

World Health Organization [WHO]. (2001). Strengthening mental health promotion. Geneva: World Health Organization.

World Health Organization [WHO]. (2020). Pandemic fatigue reinvigorating the public to prevent COVID-19 policy framework for supporting pandemic prevention and management. Retrieved August 12, 2022, from https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/335820/WHO-EURO-2020-1160-40906-55390-eng.pdf

World Health Organization [WHO]. (2021). Suicide. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/suicide

Yingyongphatthana, O. (2017). Data journalism: Nakkhāo kap kān khīan code [Data journalism, journalist and code writing]. Retrieved Sertember 28, 2021, from https://themomentum.co/coding-and-data-journalism/