THE PRESENT AND FUTURE OF CROSS-BORDER CONSUMER DISPUTE RESOLUTION MECHANISMS IN THE EUROPEAN UNION
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Published:
Dec 17, 2020
Keywords:
EU, dispute resolution mechanisms, consumer, cross-border, ODR
Main Article Content
Abstract
While digital marketing has a significant impact on the transforming of the international trade market and the removal of the international trade barriers, the legal framework for cross-border consumer transactions, on the other hand, is still attached to the old structures and methods, which have established on the idea of "Restrictions on state boundaries". These have become barriers to the development of effective mechanisms for the resolution of cross-border consumer disputes. Therefore, the author believes that the key to the development of dispute resolution procedures is to eliminate the obstacles mentioned above by refining the "methods" to be relevant to the consumer needs and to keep up with the continually changing technologies. The Online dispute resolution (ODR) is an excellent example of an attempt to reform the Cross-border consumer dispute resolution mechanisms to cope with the rapid change in the digital era.
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บทความหรือข้อความคิดเห็นใด ๆ ที่ปรากฏในวารสารบัณฑิตศึกษานิติศาสตร์เป็นวรรณกรรมของผู้เขียนโดยเฉพาะคณะนิติศาสตร์ มหาวิทยาลัยธรรมศาสตร์ และบรรณาธิการไม่จำเป็นต้องเห็นด้วย
References
BOOK
E. Katsh and J. Rifkin. Online Dispute resolution. Jossey-Bass, 2001.
G. P. Calliess and P. Zumbansen. Rough Consensus and Running Code. A Theory of Transnational Private Law. Hart Publishing, 2010.
Jonathan Hill. Cross-Border Consumer Contracts. UK: Oxford University Press, 2008.
Pablo Corte´s. Online Dispute Resolution for consumer in the European Union. UK : Taylor and Francis, 2011.
Twigg Flesner. A Cross-Border-Only Regulation for Consumer Transactions in the EU. New York : Springer, 2012.
THESIS
Daril Gawith. “Cost-Effective Redress for Low-Value International Consumer Transactions: Current Status and Potential Directions.” PhD dissertation. University of Queensland, 2006.
Sutatip Yuthayotin. “Access to Justice in Transnational B2C E-commerce: A Multidimensional Analysis of Consumer Protection Mechanisms.” Ph.D. dissertation. Kyushu University, 2012.
Zdiruk, Viktoriia, “Choice of Law Rules Applicable to Electronic Consumer Contracts According to Rome I Regulation,” Master thesis, University of Oslo, 2012.
ARTICLES
A. Lodder and E. Thiessen. “The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Online Dispute Resolution.”
E. Katsh and D. Choi (eds.). Online Dispute Resolution (ODR). United Nations Forum on ODR (2003).
Helmut Heiss. “Party Autonomy”, Rome I Regulation - The Law Applicable to Contractual Obligations in Europe. Franco Ferrari and Stefan Leible eds. Munich: european law (2009) : 1 – 16.
Jonathan Hill. “Cross-Border Consumer Contracts.” Consumer Protection in Choice of Law. Cornell International Law Journal Vol. 44 (2011).
Marc Wilikens, Arnold Vahrenwald. “Out-of-court dispute settlement systems for e-commerce.” Report of an exploratory study. Philip Morris (Joint Research Centre) (April 2000) : 2.
Naomi Creutzfeldt-Banda, “The Evolution and Origins of Consumer Dispute Resolution Systems in Europe.” in Hodges. Christopher and Stadler. Astrid (eds) Resolving Mass Disputes: ADR and Settlement of Mass Claims. Edward Elgar (2014).
O Rabinovich-Einy. “Technology’s Impact: The Quest for A New Paradigm for Accountability in Mediation.” Harvard Negotiation Law Review (2006) : 258.
P. Cachia. “Consumer Contracts in European private international law: the sphere of operation of the consumer contract rules in the Brussels I and Rome I Regulations.” European Law Review, (2009) : 476–490.
Peter Hay, “Flexibility versus Predictability and Uniformity in Choice of Law: Reflections on Current European and United States Conflicts Law.” Recueil des cours de l’Académie de Droit International de La Haye Vol. 226. (1991).
S. Abernethy. “Building Large-Scale Online Dispute Resolution and Trustmark Systems’.”
UNECE Forum on ODR 2003 (2003) : 2.
Urša Jeretina. “Consumer Online Dispute Resolution (ODR) – A Mechanism for Innovative E-governance in EU.” Dalius Immobilien GmbH, Austria (2018).
W. Krause. “Do You Want to Step Outside? An Overview of Online Alternative Dispute Resolution.” John Marshall Journal of Computer & Information Law (2001) : 460.
ELECTRONIC MEDIA
Christopher Hodges. “Developments and Issues in Consumer ADR and Consumer Ombudsmen in Europe.” https://www.fljs.org/sites/ www.fljs.org/files/publications/Developments%20and %20Issues%20in%20Consumer%20ADR%20and%20Consumer%20Ombudsmen%20in%20Europe.pdf, July 30, 2019.
Commission recommends Member States to have collective redress mechanisms in place to ensure effective access to justice. http://europa.eu/ rapid/press-release_IP-13-524_en.htm. November 20, 2019.
“ECC-NET European Small Claims Procedure (Report September 2012).” http://ec.europa.eu/consumers/ ecc/docs/small_claims_210992012_en.pdf, July 20, 2019.
“Financial Ombudsman Services Annual review 2010/11.” http://www.financialombudsman.org.uk/ publications/ar11/index.html, February 10, 2019.
The challenge of protecting EU Consumers in global online market. “The European Consumer Organisation (BEUC) and the Federation of German Consumer Organisations (vzbv).” https://euagenda.eu/publications/the-challenge-of-protecting-eu-consumers-in-global-online-markets, August 25, 2019.
“What is Private ordering?.” http://www.theactivistinvestor. com/The_Activist_Investor/Blog/ Entries/ 2015/9/29_What_is_Private_Ordering.html, May 7, 2019.
OTHER MATERIALS
Communication from the Commission to the Council, the European Parliament and the European Economic and Social Committee. “EU Consumer Policy Strategy 2007-2013.” COM(2007) 99 final. 2.
Consumer Summit 2018, A New Deal for Consumers: Commission strengthens EU consumer rights and enforcement Brussels, 11 April 2018, European Commission - Press release.
Council Regulation (EC) 861/2007 establishing a European small claims procedure [2007] OJ L199/1.
Draft of the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law on Online Dispute
Resolution Rules. Atricle 1.
ECC-Net. ‘10 years serving Europe’s consumers – Anniversary report 2005-2015.
ECC-NET criticizes the design of the platform against the concept of ‘usability’ in ISO 9241-11 Ergonomics of human-system interaction – Part 11: Usability (updated March 2018).
Manual on Consumer Protection, United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (12 July 2018).
Proposal for Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on Alternative Dispute Resolution for Consumer Disputes and Amending Regulation No 2006/2004 and Directive 22/2009EC
Proposal for Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on Alternative Dispute Resolution for Consumer Disputes and Amending Regulation No 2006/2004 and Directive 22/2009EC (Directive on Consumer ADR).
Rome I Regulation (Regulation (EC) No 593/2008) of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 June 2008 on the law applicable to contractual obligations) Article 6.
Regulation 1215/2012 of 12 December 2012 on jurisdiction and the recognition and the enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters.
Regulation (EU) no 524/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 May 2013 on online dispute resolution for consumer disputes and amending Regulation.
The challenge of protecting EU Consumers in global online market, The European Consumer Organisation (BEUC) and the Federation of German Consumer Organisations (vzbv). Nov 2017.
The Hague Convention on the recognition and enforcement of foreign judgement in civil and commercial matters.
Treaty on the Functioning of the EU (TFEU).
United Nations Guidelines for Consumer Protection (UNGCP).
E. Katsh and J. Rifkin. Online Dispute resolution. Jossey-Bass, 2001.
G. P. Calliess and P. Zumbansen. Rough Consensus and Running Code. A Theory of Transnational Private Law. Hart Publishing, 2010.
Jonathan Hill. Cross-Border Consumer Contracts. UK: Oxford University Press, 2008.
Pablo Corte´s. Online Dispute Resolution for consumer in the European Union. UK : Taylor and Francis, 2011.
Twigg Flesner. A Cross-Border-Only Regulation for Consumer Transactions in the EU. New York : Springer, 2012.
THESIS
Daril Gawith. “Cost-Effective Redress for Low-Value International Consumer Transactions: Current Status and Potential Directions.” PhD dissertation. University of Queensland, 2006.
Sutatip Yuthayotin. “Access to Justice in Transnational B2C E-commerce: A Multidimensional Analysis of Consumer Protection Mechanisms.” Ph.D. dissertation. Kyushu University, 2012.
Zdiruk, Viktoriia, “Choice of Law Rules Applicable to Electronic Consumer Contracts According to Rome I Regulation,” Master thesis, University of Oslo, 2012.
ARTICLES
A. Lodder and E. Thiessen. “The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Online Dispute Resolution.”
E. Katsh and D. Choi (eds.). Online Dispute Resolution (ODR). United Nations Forum on ODR (2003).
Helmut Heiss. “Party Autonomy”, Rome I Regulation - The Law Applicable to Contractual Obligations in Europe. Franco Ferrari and Stefan Leible eds. Munich: european law (2009) : 1 – 16.
Jonathan Hill. “Cross-Border Consumer Contracts.” Consumer Protection in Choice of Law. Cornell International Law Journal Vol. 44 (2011).
Marc Wilikens, Arnold Vahrenwald. “Out-of-court dispute settlement systems for e-commerce.” Report of an exploratory study. Philip Morris (Joint Research Centre) (April 2000) : 2.
Naomi Creutzfeldt-Banda, “The Evolution and Origins of Consumer Dispute Resolution Systems in Europe.” in Hodges. Christopher and Stadler. Astrid (eds) Resolving Mass Disputes: ADR and Settlement of Mass Claims. Edward Elgar (2014).
O Rabinovich-Einy. “Technology’s Impact: The Quest for A New Paradigm for Accountability in Mediation.” Harvard Negotiation Law Review (2006) : 258.
P. Cachia. “Consumer Contracts in European private international law: the sphere of operation of the consumer contract rules in the Brussels I and Rome I Regulations.” European Law Review, (2009) : 476–490.
Peter Hay, “Flexibility versus Predictability and Uniformity in Choice of Law: Reflections on Current European and United States Conflicts Law.” Recueil des cours de l’Académie de Droit International de La Haye Vol. 226. (1991).
S. Abernethy. “Building Large-Scale Online Dispute Resolution and Trustmark Systems’.”
UNECE Forum on ODR 2003 (2003) : 2.
Urša Jeretina. “Consumer Online Dispute Resolution (ODR) – A Mechanism for Innovative E-governance in EU.” Dalius Immobilien GmbH, Austria (2018).
W. Krause. “Do You Want to Step Outside? An Overview of Online Alternative Dispute Resolution.” John Marshall Journal of Computer & Information Law (2001) : 460.
ELECTRONIC MEDIA
Christopher Hodges. “Developments and Issues in Consumer ADR and Consumer Ombudsmen in Europe.” https://www.fljs.org/sites/ www.fljs.org/files/publications/Developments%20and %20Issues%20in%20Consumer%20ADR%20and%20Consumer%20Ombudsmen%20in%20Europe.pdf, July 30, 2019.
Commission recommends Member States to have collective redress mechanisms in place to ensure effective access to justice. http://europa.eu/ rapid/press-release_IP-13-524_en.htm. November 20, 2019.
“ECC-NET European Small Claims Procedure (Report September 2012).” http://ec.europa.eu/consumers/ ecc/docs/small_claims_210992012_en.pdf, July 20, 2019.
“Financial Ombudsman Services Annual review 2010/11.” http://www.financialombudsman.org.uk/ publications/ar11/index.html, February 10, 2019.
The challenge of protecting EU Consumers in global online market. “The European Consumer Organisation (BEUC) and the Federation of German Consumer Organisations (vzbv).” https://euagenda.eu/publications/the-challenge-of-protecting-eu-consumers-in-global-online-markets, August 25, 2019.
“What is Private ordering?.” http://www.theactivistinvestor. com/The_Activist_Investor/Blog/ Entries/ 2015/9/29_What_is_Private_Ordering.html, May 7, 2019.
OTHER MATERIALS
Communication from the Commission to the Council, the European Parliament and the European Economic and Social Committee. “EU Consumer Policy Strategy 2007-2013.” COM(2007) 99 final. 2.
Consumer Summit 2018, A New Deal for Consumers: Commission strengthens EU consumer rights and enforcement Brussels, 11 April 2018, European Commission - Press release.
Council Regulation (EC) 861/2007 establishing a European small claims procedure [2007] OJ L199/1.
Draft of the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law on Online Dispute
Resolution Rules. Atricle 1.
ECC-Net. ‘10 years serving Europe’s consumers – Anniversary report 2005-2015.
ECC-NET criticizes the design of the platform against the concept of ‘usability’ in ISO 9241-11 Ergonomics of human-system interaction – Part 11: Usability (updated March 2018).
Manual on Consumer Protection, United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (12 July 2018).
Proposal for Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on Alternative Dispute Resolution for Consumer Disputes and Amending Regulation No 2006/2004 and Directive 22/2009EC
Proposal for Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on Alternative Dispute Resolution for Consumer Disputes and Amending Regulation No 2006/2004 and Directive 22/2009EC (Directive on Consumer ADR).
Rome I Regulation (Regulation (EC) No 593/2008) of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 June 2008 on the law applicable to contractual obligations) Article 6.
Regulation 1215/2012 of 12 December 2012 on jurisdiction and the recognition and the enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters.
Regulation (EU) no 524/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 May 2013 on online dispute resolution for consumer disputes and amending Regulation.
The challenge of protecting EU Consumers in global online market, The European Consumer Organisation (BEUC) and the Federation of German Consumer Organisations (vzbv). Nov 2017.
The Hague Convention on the recognition and enforcement of foreign judgement in civil and commercial matters.
Treaty on the Functioning of the EU (TFEU).
United Nations Guidelines for Consumer Protection (UNGCP).