Scale Development for Measuring Entrepreneurial Leadership Competencies
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Published:
Sep 19, 2019
Keywords:
Entrepreneurial leadership, scale development, leadership competencies
Main Article Content
Abstract
The main objective of this study was to develop and validate the four dimensions of entrepreneurial leadership among the leaders of automotive parts manufacturing businesses in Thailand. The study objectives chosen were designed to answer questions posed in many studies seeking antecedents to entrepreneurial leadership and investigating concepts including personal, managerial, proactive, and technological competencies as indicators of entrepreneurial leadership. Data were gathered from 235 leaders from automotive parts manufacturing businesses in Thailand by using questionnaires. Data analysis used reliability and validity testing with exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis to measure each entrepreneurial leadership dimension. This resulted in the initial forty-two items being reduced to twenty-eight items assessing personal competency (four items), managerial competency (twelve items), proactive competency (five items), and technological competency (seven items). The results indicated that all four dimensions had high validity and reliability to measure the entrepreneurial leadership factors. The implications in the development of these factors and future research are discussed.
Article Details
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Research Articles
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Copyright: Asia-Pacific International University reserve exclusive rights to publish, reproduce and distribute the manuscript and all contents therein.
References
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Bateman, T., & Crant, J. (1999). Proactive behavior: Meaning, impact, recommendations. Business Horizons 42(3), 63–70.
Baylor, A., & Ritchie, D. (2002). What factors facilitate teacher skill, teacher morale, and perceived student learning in technology-using classrooms? Computers and Education 39(4), 395–414.
Bearden, W., & Netemeyer, R. (1999). Handbook of marketing scales: Multi-item measures for marketing and consumer behavior research. London: Sage Publications.
Bode, C., de Ridder, D., & Bensing, J. (2006). Preparing for aging: Development, feasibility and preliminary results of an educational program for midlife and older based on proactive coping theory. Patient Education and Counseling 61(2), 272–278.
Bolívar-Ramos, M., García-Morales, V., & García-Sánchez, E. (2012). Technological distinctive competencies and organizational learning: Effects on organizational innovation to improve firm performance. Journal of Engineering and Technology Management 29(3), 331–357.
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Choi, K., & Seltzer, M. (2010). Modeling heterogeneity in relationships between initial status and rates of change: Treating latent variable regression coefficients as random coefficients in a three-level hierarchical model. Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics 35(1), 54–91.
Chong, E. (2013). Managerial competencies and career advancement: A comparative study of managers in two countries. Journal of Business Research 66(3), 345–353.
Cogliser, C., & Brigham, K. (2004). The intersection of leadership and entrepreneurship: Mutual lessons to be learned. Leadership Quarterly 15(6), 771–799.
Collin, J., Hiekanen, K., Korhonen, J., Halén, M., Itälä, T., & Helenius, M. (Eds.) (2015). IT leadership in transition - The impact of digitalization on Finnish organizations. Science and Technology. Retrieved from https://aaltodoc.aalto.fi/handle/123456789/16540
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Cunningham, J., & Lischeron, J. (1991). Defining entrepreneurship. Journal of Small Business Management 29(1), 45–61.
Ensley, M., Pearce, C., & Hmieleski, K. (2006). The moderating effect of environmental dynamism on the relationship between entrepreneur leadership behavior and new venture performance. Journal of Business Venturing 21(2), 243–263.
Fernald, L., Solomon, G., & Tarabishy, A. (2005). A new paradigm: Entrepreneurial leadership. Southern Business Review 30(2), 1–10.
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. (1981). Structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error: Algebra and statistics. Journal of Marketing Research 18(3), 382–388.
García-Zambrano, L., Rodríguez-Castellanos, A., & García-Merino, J. (2014). Proactive management of core competencies, innovation and business performance in a period of crisis: The case of Spain. In Entrepreneurship, Innovation and Economic Crisis (pp. 59–68). Cham: Springer.
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Hall, A., Blass, F., Ferris, G., & Massengale, R. (2004). Leader reputation and accountability in organizations: Implications for dysfunctional leader behavior. Leadership Quarterly 15(4), 515–536.
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Hynes, B. (1996). Entrepreneurship education and training - introducing entrepreneurship into non-business disciplines. Journal of European Industrial Training 20(8), 10–17.
Jiang, X. (2009). Strategic management for main functional areas in an organization. International Journal of Business and Management 4(2), 153–157.
Klemp, G. (Ed.). (1980). The assessment of occupational competence: Report to the National Institute of Education. Washington, D.C.
Kline, R. (2005). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (3rd ed.). New York: The Guilford Press.
Krueger, N., & Brazeal, D. (1994). Entrepreneurial potential and potential entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 18(3), 91–104.
Kuratko, D. (2007). Entrepreneurial leadership in the 21st century: Guest editor’s perspective. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies 13(4), 1–11.
Le Deist, F., & Winterton, J. (2005). What is competence? Human Resource Development International 8(1), 27–46.
Leitch, C., & Volery, T. (2017). Entrepreneurial leadership: Insights and directions. International Small Business Journal: Researching Entrepreneurship 35(2), 147–156.
Leonard-Barton, D. (1995). Wellsprings of knowledge: Building and sustaining the sources of innovation. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.
Lokshin, B., Gils, A., & Bauer, E. (2009). Crafting firm competencies to improve innovative performance. European Management Journal 27(3), 187–196.
Markman, G. D., & Baron, R. A. (2003). Person-entrepreneurship fit: Why some people are more successful as entrepreneurs than others. Human Resource Management Review 13(2), 281–301
McDonald, R. (2014). Factor analysis and related methods. New York: Psychology Press.
McEvily, S., Eisenhardt, K., & Prescott, J. (2004). The global acquisition, leverage, and protection of technological competencies. Strategic Management Journal 25(8‐9), 713–722.
Mintzberg, H., Ahlstrand, B., & Lampel, J. (1998). Strategy safari: The complete guide through the wilds of strategic management. Harlow (UK): Prentice Hall.
Murphy, D., Hanchett, M., Olmsted, R., Farber, M., Lee, T., Haas, J., & Streed, S. (2012). Competency in infection prevention: A conceptual approach to guide current and future practice. American Journal of Infection Control 40(4), 296–303.
Nwokah, N., & Ahiauzu, A. (2008). Managerial competencies and marketing effectiveness in corporate organizations in Nigeria. Journal of Management Development 27(8), 858–878.
Patel, P., & Pavitt, K. (1997). The technological competencies of the world’s largest firms: Complex and path-dependent, but not much variety. Research Policy 26(2), 141–156.
Pihie, Z. A. L., & Bagheri, A. (2013). The impact of principals’ entrepreneurial leadership behaviour on school organizational innovativeness. Life Science Journal 10(2), 1033–1041.
Pirinen, R. & Fränti, M. (2008, November 21–23). Framework and culture of proactive competencies learning: Learning by developing. In Proceedings of the 7th WSEAS International Conference on Education and Educational Technology (pp. 83–88). Venice. Retrieved from https://www.wseas.us/e-library/conferences/ 2008/venice/edu/ edu14.pdf
Prieto, L. (2010). Proactive personality and entrepreneurial leadership: Exploring the moderating Role of Organizational. Academy of Entrepreneurship Journal 16(2), 107–121.
Ramsgaard, M. B., & Warren, L. (2015). Learning entrepreneurial leadership among nascent food entrepreneurs in Denmark and New Zealand. In ANZAM Conference 2015. Retrieved from https://www.anzam.org/wp-content/uploads/pdf-manager/2649_235.PDF
Rasli, A., Norhalim, N., Kowang, T., & Qureshi, M. (2015). Applying managerial competencies to overcome business constraints and create values: Evidence from small technology-based firms in Malaysia. Journal of Management Information 2(2), 22–28.
Renko, M., El Tarabishy, A., Carsrud, A., & Brännback, M. (2015). Understanding and measuring entrepreneurial leadership style. Journal of Small Business Management 53(1), 54–74.
Scaperlanda-Herlein, M. (2009). An examination of managerial competencies and their relationship to performance. St. Ambrose University. Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/openview/ 6f54a04cff78f24ced2f6b4cfbfdb274/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y
Simsek, Z., Jansen, J., Minichilli, A., & Escriba‐Esteve, A. (2015). Strategic leadership and leaders in entrepreneurial contexts: A nexus for innovation and impact missed? Journal of Management Studies 52(4), 463–478.
Songkünnatham, P. (2018). The parable of the poisoned arrow: Thailand 4.0 edition. The Isaan Record. Retrieved from https://isaanrecord.com/2018/06/09/the-parable-of-the-poisoned-arrow-thailand-4-0-edition/
Stanojević, D., Krstić, M., Jaredić, B., & Dimitrijević, B. (2014). Proactive coping as a mediator between resources and outcomes: A structural equations modeling analysis. Applied Research in Quality of Life 9(4), 871–885.
Stonefield, N. (1999). Confirmatory factor analysis of the Personal Orientation Inventory (POI). Retrieved from https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/43175435.pdf
Suwannarat, P., Williams, D., Smiths, D., & Ibrahim, G. (2010). The characteristics of international joint ventures in Thailand. Journal of International Business and Economics 6(1), 55–90.
Swiercz, P., & Lydon, S. (2002). Entrepreneurial leadership in high-tech firms: A field study. Leadership & Organization Development Journal 23(7), 380–389.
Thailand Investment Review. (2017). Thailand 4.0 means opportunity Thailand. Retrieved from https://www.boi.go.th/upload/content/TIR_Jan_32824.pdf
Trivellas, P., & Drimoussis, C. (2013). Investigating leadership styles, behavioral and managerial competency profiles of successful project managers in Greece. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 73, 692–700.
Turner, R. C., & Carlson, L. (2003). Indexes of Item-Objective Congruence for multidimensional items. International Journal of Testing 3(2), 163–171.
Wahab, A., & Mahmood, R. (2015, November 14–15). Effect of learning orientation and self-efficacy on performance of university leaders: Entrepreneurial leadership as a mediator. Paper presented at the 18th Annual Convention of Japanese Association of Administrative Science (JAAS). Nagoya Campus, Aichi University, Japan. Retrieved from https://www.academia.edu/18783550/Effect_of_learning_orientation_ and_self-efficacy_on_performance_of_university_leaders_entrepreneurial_leadership_as_a_mediator
Wang, C., Tee, D., & Ahmed, P. (2012). Entrepreneurial leadership and context in Chinese firms: A tale of two Chinese private enterprises. Asia Pacific Business Review 18(4), 505–530.
Wong, C., & Law, K. (2002). The effects of leader and follower emotional intelligence on performance and attitude: An exploratory study. Leadership Quarterly 13(3), 243–274.
Wu, C., & Wang, Y. (2011). Understanding proactive leadership. In Mobley, W. H., Li, M. & Wang, Y. (Eds.), Advances in Global Leadership (Vol. 6, pp. 299-314). Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
Zaech, S., & Baldegger, U. (2017). Leadership in start-ups. International Small Business Journal: Researching Entrepreneurship 35(2), 157–177.
Zarefard, M., & Cho, S. (2017). Relationship between entrepreneurs’ managerial competencies and innovative start-up intentions in university students: An Iranian case. International Journal of Entrepreneurship 21(3), 1–19.
Anuvareepong, S. (2017). The assessment of hospitality and tourism SMEs awareness on the use of mobile technology and Internet services - A case study of hotel businesses in Thailand. In Proceedings - 2016 2nd International Conference on Science in Information Technology, ICSITech 2016: Information Science for Green Society and Environment.
Arthur, S., & Hisrich, R. (2011). Entrepreneurship through the ages: Lessons learned. Journal of Enterprising Culture 19(1), 1–40.
Bagheri, A., Pihie, Z., & Krauss, S. (2013). Entrepreneurial leadership competencies among Malaysian university student entrepreneurial leaders. Asia Pacific Journal of Education 33(4), 493–508.
Bagheri, A., & Pihie, Z. (2011). Entrepreneurial leadership: Towards a model for learning and development. Human Resource Development International 14(4), 447–463.
Bagozzi, R., & Yi, Y. (1988). On the evaluation of structural equation models. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science 16(1), 74–94.
Bateman, T., & Crant, J. (1999). Proactive behavior: Meaning, impact, recommendations. Business Horizons 42(3), 63–70.
Baylor, A., & Ritchie, D. (2002). What factors facilitate teacher skill, teacher morale, and perceived student learning in technology-using classrooms? Computers and Education 39(4), 395–414.
Bearden, W., & Netemeyer, R. (1999). Handbook of marketing scales: Multi-item measures for marketing and consumer behavior research. London: Sage Publications.
Bode, C., de Ridder, D., & Bensing, J. (2006). Preparing for aging: Development, feasibility and preliminary results of an educational program for midlife and older based on proactive coping theory. Patient Education and Counseling 61(2), 272–278.
Bolívar-Ramos, M., García-Morales, V., & García-Sánchez, E. (2012). Technological distinctive competencies and organizational learning: Effects on organizational innovation to improve firm performance. Journal of Engineering and Technology Management 29(3), 331–357.
Chiesa, V., Giglioli, E., & Manzini, R. (1999). R and D corporate planning: Selecting the core technological competencies. Technology Analysis and Strategic Management 11(2), 255–279.
Choi, K., & Seltzer, M. (2010). Modeling heterogeneity in relationships between initial status and rates of change: Treating latent variable regression coefficients as random coefficients in a three-level hierarchical model. Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics 35(1), 54–91.
Chong, E. (2013). Managerial competencies and career advancement: A comparative study of managers in two countries. Journal of Business Research 66(3), 345–353.
Cogliser, C., & Brigham, K. (2004). The intersection of leadership and entrepreneurship: Mutual lessons to be learned. Leadership Quarterly 15(6), 771–799.
Collin, J., Hiekanen, K., Korhonen, J., Halén, M., Itälä, T., & Helenius, M. (Eds.) (2015). IT leadership in transition - The impact of digitalization on Finnish organizations. Science and Technology. Retrieved from https://aaltodoc.aalto.fi/handle/123456789/16540
Cope, J., Kempster, S., & Parry, K. (2011). Exploring distributed leadership in the small business context. International Journal of Management Reviews 13(3), 270–285
Cortoni, I., LoPresti, V., & Cervelli, P. (2015). Digital competence assessment: A proposal for operationalizing the critical dimension. Journal of Media Literacy Education 7(1), 46-57.
Cunningham, J., & Lischeron, J. (1991). Defining entrepreneurship. Journal of Small Business Management 29(1), 45–61.
Ensley, M., Pearce, C., & Hmieleski, K. (2006). The moderating effect of environmental dynamism on the relationship between entrepreneur leadership behavior and new venture performance. Journal of Business Venturing 21(2), 243–263.
Fernald, L., Solomon, G., & Tarabishy, A. (2005). A new paradigm: Entrepreneurial leadership. Southern Business Review 30(2), 1–10.
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. (1981). Structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error: Algebra and statistics. Journal of Marketing Research 18(3), 382–388.
García-Zambrano, L., Rodríguez-Castellanos, A., & García-Merino, J. (2014). Proactive management of core competencies, innovation and business performance in a period of crisis: The case of Spain. In Entrepreneurship, Innovation and Economic Crisis (pp. 59–68). Cham: Springer.
Griffin, K., Botvin, G., Scheier, L., Epstein, J., & Doyle, M. (2002). Personal competence skills, distress, and well-being as determinants of substance use in a predominantly minority urban adolescent sample. Prevention Science 3(1), 23–33.
Gudermann, M. (2011). The relationship between proactive personality, affective commitment and the role of job stressors (Bachelor Thesis). University of Twente. Retrieved from https://essay.utwente.nl/59941/1/ BSc_M_Gudermann.pdf.
Hall, A., Blass, F., Ferris, G., & Massengale, R. (2004). Leader reputation and accountability in organizations: Implications for dysfunctional leader behavior. Leadership Quarterly 15(4), 515–536.
Harley, W. (1995). Eight critical principles of empowerment. Empowerment in Organizations 3(1), 5–12.
Hynes, B. (1996). Entrepreneurship education and training - introducing entrepreneurship into non-business disciplines. Journal of European Industrial Training 20(8), 10–17.
Jiang, X. (2009). Strategic management for main functional areas in an organization. International Journal of Business and Management 4(2), 153–157.
Klemp, G. (Ed.). (1980). The assessment of occupational competence: Report to the National Institute of Education. Washington, D.C.
Kline, R. (2005). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (3rd ed.). New York: The Guilford Press.
Krueger, N., & Brazeal, D. (1994). Entrepreneurial potential and potential entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 18(3), 91–104.
Kuratko, D. (2007). Entrepreneurial leadership in the 21st century: Guest editor’s perspective. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies 13(4), 1–11.
Le Deist, F., & Winterton, J. (2005). What is competence? Human Resource Development International 8(1), 27–46.
Leitch, C., & Volery, T. (2017). Entrepreneurial leadership: Insights and directions. International Small Business Journal: Researching Entrepreneurship 35(2), 147–156.
Leonard-Barton, D. (1995). Wellsprings of knowledge: Building and sustaining the sources of innovation. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.
Lokshin, B., Gils, A., & Bauer, E. (2009). Crafting firm competencies to improve innovative performance. European Management Journal 27(3), 187–196.
Markman, G. D., & Baron, R. A. (2003). Person-entrepreneurship fit: Why some people are more successful as entrepreneurs than others. Human Resource Management Review 13(2), 281–301
McDonald, R. (2014). Factor analysis and related methods. New York: Psychology Press.
McEvily, S., Eisenhardt, K., & Prescott, J. (2004). The global acquisition, leverage, and protection of technological competencies. Strategic Management Journal 25(8‐9), 713–722.
Mintzberg, H., Ahlstrand, B., & Lampel, J. (1998). Strategy safari: The complete guide through the wilds of strategic management. Harlow (UK): Prentice Hall.
Murphy, D., Hanchett, M., Olmsted, R., Farber, M., Lee, T., Haas, J., & Streed, S. (2012). Competency in infection prevention: A conceptual approach to guide current and future practice. American Journal of Infection Control 40(4), 296–303.
Nwokah, N., & Ahiauzu, A. (2008). Managerial competencies and marketing effectiveness in corporate organizations in Nigeria. Journal of Management Development 27(8), 858–878.
Patel, P., & Pavitt, K. (1997). The technological competencies of the world’s largest firms: Complex and path-dependent, but not much variety. Research Policy 26(2), 141–156.
Pihie, Z. A. L., & Bagheri, A. (2013). The impact of principals’ entrepreneurial leadership behaviour on school organizational innovativeness. Life Science Journal 10(2), 1033–1041.
Pirinen, R. & Fränti, M. (2008, November 21–23). Framework and culture of proactive competencies learning: Learning by developing. In Proceedings of the 7th WSEAS International Conference on Education and Educational Technology (pp. 83–88). Venice. Retrieved from https://www.wseas.us/e-library/conferences/ 2008/venice/edu/ edu14.pdf
Prieto, L. (2010). Proactive personality and entrepreneurial leadership: Exploring the moderating Role of Organizational. Academy of Entrepreneurship Journal 16(2), 107–121.
Ramsgaard, M. B., & Warren, L. (2015). Learning entrepreneurial leadership among nascent food entrepreneurs in Denmark and New Zealand. In ANZAM Conference 2015. Retrieved from https://www.anzam.org/wp-content/uploads/pdf-manager/2649_235.PDF
Rasli, A., Norhalim, N., Kowang, T., & Qureshi, M. (2015). Applying managerial competencies to overcome business constraints and create values: Evidence from small technology-based firms in Malaysia. Journal of Management Information 2(2), 22–28.
Renko, M., El Tarabishy, A., Carsrud, A., & Brännback, M. (2015). Understanding and measuring entrepreneurial leadership style. Journal of Small Business Management 53(1), 54–74.
Scaperlanda-Herlein, M. (2009). An examination of managerial competencies and their relationship to performance. St. Ambrose University. Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/openview/ 6f54a04cff78f24ced2f6b4cfbfdb274/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y
Simsek, Z., Jansen, J., Minichilli, A., & Escriba‐Esteve, A. (2015). Strategic leadership and leaders in entrepreneurial contexts: A nexus for innovation and impact missed? Journal of Management Studies 52(4), 463–478.
Songkünnatham, P. (2018). The parable of the poisoned arrow: Thailand 4.0 edition. The Isaan Record. Retrieved from https://isaanrecord.com/2018/06/09/the-parable-of-the-poisoned-arrow-thailand-4-0-edition/
Stanojević, D., Krstić, M., Jaredić, B., & Dimitrijević, B. (2014). Proactive coping as a mediator between resources and outcomes: A structural equations modeling analysis. Applied Research in Quality of Life 9(4), 871–885.
Stonefield, N. (1999). Confirmatory factor analysis of the Personal Orientation Inventory (POI). Retrieved from https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/43175435.pdf
Suwannarat, P., Williams, D., Smiths, D., & Ibrahim, G. (2010). The characteristics of international joint ventures in Thailand. Journal of International Business and Economics 6(1), 55–90.
Swiercz, P., & Lydon, S. (2002). Entrepreneurial leadership in high-tech firms: A field study. Leadership & Organization Development Journal 23(7), 380–389.
Thailand Investment Review. (2017). Thailand 4.0 means opportunity Thailand. Retrieved from https://www.boi.go.th/upload/content/TIR_Jan_32824.pdf
Trivellas, P., & Drimoussis, C. (2013). Investigating leadership styles, behavioral and managerial competency profiles of successful project managers in Greece. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 73, 692–700.
Turner, R. C., & Carlson, L. (2003). Indexes of Item-Objective Congruence for multidimensional items. International Journal of Testing 3(2), 163–171.
Wahab, A., & Mahmood, R. (2015, November 14–15). Effect of learning orientation and self-efficacy on performance of university leaders: Entrepreneurial leadership as a mediator. Paper presented at the 18th Annual Convention of Japanese Association of Administrative Science (JAAS). Nagoya Campus, Aichi University, Japan. Retrieved from https://www.academia.edu/18783550/Effect_of_learning_orientation_ and_self-efficacy_on_performance_of_university_leaders_entrepreneurial_leadership_as_a_mediator
Wang, C., Tee, D., & Ahmed, P. (2012). Entrepreneurial leadership and context in Chinese firms: A tale of two Chinese private enterprises. Asia Pacific Business Review 18(4), 505–530.
Wong, C., & Law, K. (2002). The effects of leader and follower emotional intelligence on performance and attitude: An exploratory study. Leadership Quarterly 13(3), 243–274.
Wu, C., & Wang, Y. (2011). Understanding proactive leadership. In Mobley, W. H., Li, M. & Wang, Y. (Eds.), Advances in Global Leadership (Vol. 6, pp. 299-314). Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
Zaech, S., & Baldegger, U. (2017). Leadership in start-ups. International Small Business Journal: Researching Entrepreneurship 35(2), 157–177.
Zarefard, M., & Cho, S. (2017). Relationship between entrepreneurs’ managerial competencies and innovative start-up intentions in university students: An Iranian case. International Journal of Entrepreneurship 21(3), 1–19.