Indonesian Avifauna Some Physical and Biological Relationships
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Abstract
Avifauna check lists were used to indicate relationships among physical and biological parameters and families/species numbers in mainly Indonesian islands and territories. Bird species and family numbers represented in territories were related to island area (r=0. 765 and 0.839, respectively). Species numbers also correlated well with the ecoregion score (r=0.934), which indicated special habitat zonation factors favour species diversity. The data on ecoregions was not correlated with the level of endemicity found. The ease of movement of birds across straits between islands was assessed using an index of common species approach. Some support was gained for the proposition that in the past sea levels were lower, thus establishing land bridges such as from Lombok to Alor. The ranked correlation with one analysis of sea depth and species commonality returned a negative ranked correlation coefficient (r=-0.823; P=0.012). Separation distance between islands failed to show a significant correlation to species commonality.
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Ghofar, A. (2002). Interactions of squid and small pelagic resources in the Alas strait, Indonesia. Journal of Coastal Development, 6(1), 23-31.
Gordon, A. L., Giulivi, C. F., & Ilahude, A. G. (2003). Deep topographic barriers within the Indonesian seas. Deep-Sea Research II, 50, 2205-2228.
Heinsohn, T., & Hope, G. (2006). The Torresian connections: zoogeography of New Guinea. In J. R. Merrick, M. Archer, G. M. Hickey & M. S. Y. Lee (Eds.), Evolution and biogeography of Australasian vertebrates (pp 71-93). Oatlands, New South Wales: Auscipub Pty Ltd.
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Jeyarajasingam, A., & Pearson, A. (2012). A field guide to the birds of Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Lincoln, G. A. (1975). Bird counts either side of Wallace’s line. Journal of Zoology, London, 177(3), 349-361.
López Martín, A. G. (2010). International straits: Concepts, classification and rules of passage. Berlin: Springer Science+Business Media.
MacArthur, R. H., & Wilson, E. O. (1967). The theory of island biogeography. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
MacKinnon, K., Hata, I. G., Halim, H., & Mangalik, A. (1997). The ecology of Kalimantan. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Martin, J-L., Gaston, A. J., & Hitier, S. (1995). The effect of island size and isolation on old growth forest habitat and bird diversity in Gwaii Haanas (Queen Charlotte Islands, Canada). Oikos, 72(1), 115-131.
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Metzger, E. J., Hurlburt, H. E., Xu, X., Shriver, J. F., Gordon, A. L., Sprintall, J. et al. (2010). Simulated and observed circulation in the Indonesian seas: 1/12° global HYCOM and the INSTANT observations. Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans, 50, 275-300.
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Monk, K. A., de Fretes Y., & Reksodiharjo-Lilley, G. (1997). The ecology of Nusa Tengarra and Maluku. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Newton, I. (2003). The speciation and biogeography of birds. London: Academic Press.
Nitis, I. M. (2006). Country pasture/forage resources profiles: Indonesia. Rome, Italy: FAO. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/ag/agp/agpc/doc/counprof/PDF%20files/Indonesia.pdf
Pigram, C. J., & Davies, H. L. (1987). Terranes and accretion history of the New Guinea orogeny. BMR Journal of Australian Geology and Geophysics, 10, 193-211.
Power, D. M. (1972). Numbers of bird species on the California islands. Evolution, 26(3), 451-463.
Pratt, T. K., Beehler, B. M., Anderton, J. C., & Kókay, S. (2015). Birds of New Guinea (2nd ed.). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Republik Indonesia, Stockholm, Swedia, Basic facts. Retrieved from http://indonesiskaambassaden.se/about-indonesia/basic-facts/
Ricklefs, R. E., & Lovette, I. J. (1999). The roles of island area per se and habitat diversity in the species-area relationships of four Lesser Antillean faunal groups. Journal of Animal Ecology, 68(6), 1142-1160.
Santos, S. I. C. O., Edward, B., & Lumeij, J. T. (2006). Sexual dichromatism in the blue-fronted Amazon parrot (Amazonia aestiva) revealed by multiple-angle spectrometry. Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery, 20(1), 8-14.
Spalding, M. D., Kainuma, M., & Collins, L. (2010). World atlas of mangroves. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Tomczak, M., & Godfrey, J. S. (2003). Regional oceanography: An introduction (2nd ed.). Delhi: Daya Publishing House.
Trainor, C. R., Imanuddin, Firmann, A., Verbelen, P., & Walker, J. S. (2009). The birds of Wetar, Banda Sea. One of Indonesia’s forgotten islands. BirdingASIA, 12, 78-93.
United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD). (2015). Indonesia–Land Degradation Neutrality National Report. Jakarta. Retrieved from http://www.unccd.int/en/programmes/RioConventions/RioPlus20/Documents/LDN%20Projec t%20Country%20Reports/indonesia_ldn_country_report.pdf
van Oosterzee, P. (2006). Drawing the Wallace line. In J. R. Merrick, M. Archer, G. M. Hickey & M. S. Y. Lee (Eds.), Evolution and biogeography of Australasian vertebrates (pp 95-110). Oatlands, New South Wales: Auscipub Pty Ltd.
Whittaker, R. J. (1998). Island biogeography: Ecology, evolution, and conservation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Whitten, T., Damanik, S. J., Anwar, J., & Hisyam, N. (1997). The ecology of Sumatra. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Whitten, T., Mustafa, M., & Henderson, G. S. (2002). The ecology of Sulawesi. Singapore: Periplus Editions (HK) Ltd.
Whitten, T., Soeriaatmadja, R. E., & Afiff, S. A. (1997). The ecology of Java and Bali. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Wikimapia (n.d.). Retrieved from http://wikimapia.org/
Wikipedia, List of islands by area. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_islands_by_area
Wikramanayake, E., Dinerstein, E., Loucks, C. J., Olson, D. M., Morrison, J., Lamoreaux, J. et al. (2002). Terrestrial ecoregions of the Indo-Pacific: A conservation assessment. Washington, DC: Island Press.
Wyrki, K. (1961). Scientific results of marine investigations of the South China sea and the Gulf of Thailand 1959–1961. NAGA Report (Vol. 2). La Jolla, CA: University of California, Scripps Institution of Oceanography.