Middle Eastern Worldviews Impact China Part 1: Entry and Progress of Judeo-Christian Thought
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Published:
Mar 28, 2019
Keywords:
Church of East, Jewish diaspora, Chinese Christianity, wilderness, remnant
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Abstract
Residual knowledge of God and early world events was held by the Chinese in their language from time immemorial. Jewish influences were felt in the countries bordering China since the first diaspora (721 BCE). Jewish thought does not appear to have had a significant influence on the Chinese. Christian influences commenced soon after CE 31. Early contact is reputed to have been through the apostle Thomas, an Ethiopian mission (fourth century) and others, and especially through the Church of the East. All this happened well before the well-known efforts of Alopen in CE 635. The Church of the East held to the apostolic faith. Its witness was interrupted by bouts of persecution. In China, this became intense under the Ming dynasty (commenced 1368) and the emperor’s effects were complemented by the closure of the Silk Road and fierce persecution in Muslim territories under Tamerlane. Essentially, early Christian influence in China ceased by the end of the fourteenth century. Remnant groups persisted in the mountainous regions bordering China and could be regarded as surviving members of the wilderness church. The lessons and failures in contextualization coming from the early experience of Christians in Asia contain valuable information.
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Holmes, W. G. (1912). The Age of Justinian and Theodora (2nd ed.) (Vol. 2). London: G. Bell and Sons.
Hucker, C. O. (1978).The Ming dynasty: Its origins and evolving Institutions. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan.
Humphreys, C. (1958). Buddhism. Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin Books Ltd.
Jenkins, P. (2008). The lost history of Christianity. Oxford: Lion.
Judson, A. H. (1827). Judson’s mission to the Burman people. London Magazine, 8, 285-313.
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Lao Tzu. (1997). Tao Te Ching Waley A., Trans.). Ware, Hertfordshire: Wordsworth Classics of World Literature.
Legge, J. (1983). The Chinese classics: The works of Mencius (bk 5, pt. 1, chap. 7, pp. 293, 296; pt 4, bk 2, chap. 4, par. 9, p. 183). Tapei: SMC Publishing, Inc.
Leslie, D. D. (1972). The survival of the Chinese Jews: the Jewish community of Kaifeng. Leiden: E. J. Brill.
Lewis, C. S. (1973). The abolition of man. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc.
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Mark, J. J. (2012, December 20). Lao-tzu. In Ancient History Encyclopedia. Retrieved from https://www.ancient.eu.com/Lao-Tzu/
Metzger, B. M. (1965). The New Testament: Its background, growth, and content. New York: Abingdon Press.
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Parker, E. H. (1910). Studies in the Chinese religion. New York: E. P. Dutton & Co. [Original on Sha-lüh located in Wei Chi, chap. 30, 29].
Plamintr, S. (2007). The discovery of Buddhism. Nonthaburi, Thailand: Write & Read Publishing Co.
Pollock, J. (1983). Hudson Taylor and Maria (2nd paperback ed.). Ross-shire, Great Britain: Christian Forum.
Pothan, S. G. (1963). The Syrian Christian churches. Bombay: Asia Publishing House.
Prebish, C. S., & Keown, D. (2006). Introducing Buddhism. New York: Routledge.
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Schmidt, R., Sager, G. C., Carney, G. T. et al. (1999). Patterns of religion. New York: Wadsworth Publishing Company.
Schoff, W. H. (1917). Navigation to the Far East under the Roman Empire. Journal of the American Oriental Society, 37, 240-249.
Schultz, J. P. (1981). Judaism and the gentile faiths: comparative studies in religion. Madison, New Jersey: Farleigh Dickinson University Press.
Shipton, W. A. (2014), Asian Christianity and the Wilderness church. In: W. Shipton, E. Coetzee & R. Takeuchi, R. (Eds.), Worldviews and Christian education. Singapore: Partridge.
Soothill, W. E. (1951). The three religions of China. London: Oxford University Press.
Stewart, J. (1928). Nestorian missionary enterprise. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark.
Sun, H., Zhou, C., Huang, X. et al. (2013). Autosomal STRs provide genetic evidence for the hypothesis that Tai people originate from southern China. Plos One, 8(4), e60822. Retrieved from http// doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060822.
Tan, C. (2013). Confucius. New York: Bloomsbury Academic.
The Holy Bible, containing the Old and New Testaments. Other references are not given a specific entry. Unless otherwise stated, quotations come from the King James Version (KJV). Retrieved from https://www.biblegateway.com/
Thompson, P. (1956). King of the Lisu. London: China Inland Mission.
Vine, A. R. (1937). The Nestorian churches. London: Independent Press.
Vladimirsky, I. (2009). Jews in Afghanistan. In M. A. Ehrlick (Ed.), Encyclopedia of the Jewish diaspora: origins, experiences, and culture (Vol. 3). Santa Barbara, California: ABC-Clio, LLC.
Wace, H. . (2000). A dictionary of Christian biography and literature to the end of the sixth century A.D., with an account of the principal sects and heresies. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Christian Classics Ethereal Library.
Walther, D. (1968). Were the Albigenes and Waldenses forerunners of the Reformation? Andrews University Seminary Studies 4(2), 178-202.
Wang, S., & Nelson, E. (2002). God and the ancient Chinese. Dunlap, NT: Read Books Publisher.
Ward, W. (1823). All religions and religious ceremonies. Part I. Christianity–Mohometanism, and Judaism. Hartford: Oliver D. Cooke & Sons.
Weil, S. (2009). Jews in India. In M. A. Ehrlich (Ed.), Encyclopedia of the Jewish diaspora: Origins, experiences, and culture (Vol. 3). Santa Barbara, California: ABC-Clio, LLC.
Wen, B., Li, H., Lu, D. et al. (2004). Genetic evidence supports demic diffusion of Han culture. Science, 431(7006), 302-305.
Wilkinson, B. G. (1944). Truth triumphant. Mountain View, California: Pacific Press Association.
Wilkinson, R. (1997). Introduction to Tao Te Ching, by Lao-tzu. Hertfordshire: Wordsworth Classics of World Literature.
Wingram, W. A. (1909). An Introduction to the history of the Assyrian Church. Turkey: Assyrian International News Agency (chap. 4). Retrieved from www.aina.org
Wigram W. A. (2004). An Introduction to the history of the Assyrian church. Piscataway, N. J.: Gorgias Press LLC.
Wood, F. (2002). The Silk Road: two thousand years in the heart of Asia. London: The British Library.
Xin, X. (2004). Jewish diasporas in China. In M. Ember, C. R. Ember, & J. Skoggard (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Diasporas: Immigration and refugee cultures around the world, vol. 1. Overviews and topics (pp. 153-164). New York: Springer.
Yao, X. (2001). An introduction to Confucianism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.