Work Environment, Sleep Quality, Confidence in Decision-Making and Emotional Labor of Nurses Mediated by Self-Efficacy
Main Article Content
Abstract
This descriptive-correlational study aimed to determine the relationship of work environment and sleep quality to confidence in decision-making and emotional labor among nurses as mediated by selfefficacy. Two hundred-fifty staff nurses from eight private hospitals were purposively selected to answer a self-constructed questionnaire. Mean, standard deviation, frequency distribution, Pearson’s product moment correlation, and structural equation modeling were used for statistical analysis. Findings revealed that work environment and sleep quality were fair, self-efficacy and confidence in decision-making were high, and the extent of emotional labor was average. Positive work environments were associated with higher confidence in decision-making. Sleep quality was not associated with any differences in self-efficacy, confidence in decision-making, or emotional labor. The mediation analysis showed that the effect of the work environment on confidence in decision-making is partially mediated by self-efficacy, while the effect of the work environment on deep acting emotional labor is completely mediated by self-efficacy. Results indicated that the final model was a good fit.
Article Details
Section
Research Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Copyright: Asia-Pacific International University reserve exclusive rights to publish, reproduce and distribute the manuscript and all contents therein.
References
Bandura, A. (2009). Cultivate self-efficacy for personal and organizational effectiveness. In E.A. Locke (Ed). Handbook of Principles of Organization Behavior. New York: Wiley.
Beattie, L., Kyle, S., Espie, C., & Biello, S. (2015). Social interactions, emotion and sleep: a systematic review and research agenda. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 24, 83-100. Retrieved from doi: 10.1016/j.smrv.2014.12.005.
Brotheridge, C. & Lee, R. (2002). Testing a conservation of resources model of the dynamics of emotional labor. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 7(1), 57-67. Retrieved from http://doi: 10.1037//1076-8998.7.1.57.
Brown, E. (2011). Emotion matters: exploring the emotional labor of teaching. (Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation). University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Retrieved from https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/12207032.pdf.
Buchanan, J. (2016). Albert Bandura: Self-efficacy for agentic positive psychology. Positive Psychology Program. Retrieved from: https://positivepsychologyprogram.com/bandura-selfefficacy/
Cheng, C., Bartram, T., Karimi, L., & Leggat, S. (2013). The role of team climate in the management of emotional labor: implications for nurse retention. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 69(12), 28122825. Retrieved from http://doi: 10.1111/jan.12202.
Cherian, J., & Jacob, J. (2013). Impact of self-efficacy on motivation and performance of employees. International Journal of Business and Management, 8(14), 80-88. Retrieved from http:// doi: 10.5539/ijbm.v8n14p80.
Gosselin, J. & Maddux, J. (2003). Self-Efficacy (2003). Psychology Faculty Publications. 17. Retrieved from http://digitalcommons.sacredheart.edu/psych_fac/17
Gray, B. (2009). The emotional labor of nursing 1: Exploring the concept. Nursing Times, 105(8), 2629.
Hochschild, A. (1983). The managed heart: commercialization of human feeling. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Hoffman, K., & Elwin, C. (2004).The relationship between critical thinking and confidence in decisionmaking. Australian Journal of Advanced Nursing, 22 (1), 8-12.
International Council of Nurses (2016). Nurses: A force for change: Improving health systems’ resilience. Retrieved from https://www.twna.org.tw/frontend/un07_international/webPages_3/file/IND_Kit_2016.pdf.
Kasenda, R., Jael, S. (2015). Effects of laughter on quality and hours of sleep and blood pressure among elderly in Indonesia. AUP Research Studies Presented at the 3rd International Scholars Conference. Silang, Cavite: Adventist University of the Philippines. Retrieved from http://www.aup.edu.ph/alumni/wp-content/uploads/ Vol-19-No-1-Research-Journal-Jan2016-1.pdf.
Kirwan, M., Matthews, A., & Scott, P. (2013). The impact of the work environment of nurses on patient safety outcomes: A multi-level modelling approach. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 50(2), 253-263. Retrieved from http://doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2012.08.020.
Lee, S., & Song, S. (2015). Empathy’s relationship with adult attachment, self-esteem and communication self-efficacy in nurses. International Journal of Bio-Science and BioTechnology, 7 (6), 339-350.
Lings, I., Durden, G., Lee, N., & Cadogan, J. (2009). The moderating role of self-efficacy on the relationship between emotional exhaustion and job strain for boundary spanning service employees. In: Australian and New Zealand Marketing Academy Conference 2009, 30 November- 2 January, 2009, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
Mikeska, J., Hamwi, G., Friend, S., Rutherford, B., & Park, J. (2015). Artificial emotions among salespeople: Understanding the impact of surface acting. The Marketing Management Journal, 25 (2), 54-70.
Moss, S. (2016). Self-efficacy. Sico-tests. Retrieved from: www.sicotests.com/psyarticle.asp?id=224.
Purdy, N. (2011). Effects of work environment on nursing and patient outcomes. Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository. 92. Canada: University of Western Ontario. Retrieved from https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd/92
Ranjbaran, S., Dehdari, T., Majdabadi, M. M., Sadeghniiat-Haghighi, K. (2014). The survey of sleep self-efficacy and perceived social support status in patients with poor sleep quality after coronary bypass surgery. Razi Journal of Medical Sciences, 21(126), 33-42.
Reed, A., Mikels, J., & Lockenhoff, C. (2012). Choosing with confidence: Self-efficacy and preferences for choice. Judgment and Decision-making, 7(2), 173-180.
Seaman, N., Saban, G., Balila, J., & Barrios, R. (2016). Personal Attributes and Teaching Performance as Mediated by Core Competencies of Nurse Educators: Basis for Human Resource Training and Retention Program. AUP Research Journal, 19(2), 6-20. Retrieved from http://www.aup.edu.ph/alumni/wp-content/uploads/RJ1.pdf.
Shang, J., Friese, C., Wu, E., & Aiken, L. (2012). Nursing practice environment and outcomes for oncology nursing. Cancer Nursing, 36(3), 206-12. Retrieved from http:// 10.1097/NCC.0b013e31825e4293.
Stokowski, L. (2013). Nurses are talking about: Working the night shift. Medscape. Retrieved from https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/777286.
Talebpour, A., Khurasghani, A., & Ghasemi, V. (2013). Investigating social factors associated with emotional labor among nurses. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 4(4). Retrieved from http://doi: 10.5901/ miss.2013.v4n4p369.
Theodosius, T. (2008). Emotional labor in health care: The unmanaged heart of nursing. 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge Taylor and Francis Group.
The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (2014). Physical work environment in hospitals affects nurses’ job satisfaction with implications for patient outcomes, healthcare costs. Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. Retrieved from https://www.rwjf.org/en/library/articles-andnews/2014/07/physical-work-environment-in-hospitals-affects-nurses-job-satisf.html.
Tsai, C. W., Tsai, S. H., Chen, Y. Y., & Lee, W. L. (2014). A study of nursing competency, career selfefficiency and professional commitment among nurses in Taiwan. Contemporary Nurse, 49, 96-102. Retrieved from doi: 10.5172/conu.2014.49.96.
Viejo, A. (2005). AACN’s Standards for establishing and sustaining healthy work environment. A journey to excellence. Columbia: American Association of Critical –Care Nurses, 14(3), 187-197.
Welsh, D. (2014). Self-efficacy measurement and enhancement strategies for medical-surgical clinical nurses. Medsurg Nursing, 23(6), 371-377.
World Health Organization (2015). Realising Nurses' Full Potential, Bulletin of the World Health Organisation, (93) (9): Retrieved from www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/93/9/en/
Xanthopoulou, D., Bakker, A., & Fischbach, A. (2013). Work engagement among employees facing emotional demands: The role of personal resources. Journal of Personal Psychology, 12 (2), 74-84. Retrieved from http://doi: 10.1027/1866-5888/a000085.
Zverev, Y., & Misiri, H. (2009). Perceived effects of rotating shift work on nurses’ sleep quality and duration. Malawi Medical Journal, 21(1), 19-21.
Beattie, L., Kyle, S., Espie, C., & Biello, S. (2015). Social interactions, emotion and sleep: a systematic review and research agenda. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 24, 83-100. Retrieved from doi: 10.1016/j.smrv.2014.12.005.
Brotheridge, C. & Lee, R. (2002). Testing a conservation of resources model of the dynamics of emotional labor. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 7(1), 57-67. Retrieved from http://doi: 10.1037//1076-8998.7.1.57.
Brown, E. (2011). Emotion matters: exploring the emotional labor of teaching. (Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation). University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Retrieved from https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/12207032.pdf.
Buchanan, J. (2016). Albert Bandura: Self-efficacy for agentic positive psychology. Positive Psychology Program. Retrieved from: https://positivepsychologyprogram.com/bandura-selfefficacy/
Cheng, C., Bartram, T., Karimi, L., & Leggat, S. (2013). The role of team climate in the management of emotional labor: implications for nurse retention. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 69(12), 28122825. Retrieved from http://doi: 10.1111/jan.12202.
Cherian, J., & Jacob, J. (2013). Impact of self-efficacy on motivation and performance of employees. International Journal of Business and Management, 8(14), 80-88. Retrieved from http:// doi: 10.5539/ijbm.v8n14p80.
Gosselin, J. & Maddux, J. (2003). Self-Efficacy (2003). Psychology Faculty Publications. 17. Retrieved from http://digitalcommons.sacredheart.edu/psych_fac/17
Gray, B. (2009). The emotional labor of nursing 1: Exploring the concept. Nursing Times, 105(8), 2629.
Hochschild, A. (1983). The managed heart: commercialization of human feeling. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Hoffman, K., & Elwin, C. (2004).The relationship between critical thinking and confidence in decisionmaking. Australian Journal of Advanced Nursing, 22 (1), 8-12.
International Council of Nurses (2016). Nurses: A force for change: Improving health systems’ resilience. Retrieved from https://www.twna.org.tw/frontend/un07_international/webPages_3/file/IND_Kit_2016.pdf.
Kasenda, R., Jael, S. (2015). Effects of laughter on quality and hours of sleep and blood pressure among elderly in Indonesia. AUP Research Studies Presented at the 3rd International Scholars Conference. Silang, Cavite: Adventist University of the Philippines. Retrieved from http://www.aup.edu.ph/alumni/wp-content/uploads/ Vol-19-No-1-Research-Journal-Jan2016-1.pdf.
Kirwan, M., Matthews, A., & Scott, P. (2013). The impact of the work environment of nurses on patient safety outcomes: A multi-level modelling approach. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 50(2), 253-263. Retrieved from http://doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2012.08.020.
Lee, S., & Song, S. (2015). Empathy’s relationship with adult attachment, self-esteem and communication self-efficacy in nurses. International Journal of Bio-Science and BioTechnology, 7 (6), 339-350.
Lings, I., Durden, G., Lee, N., & Cadogan, J. (2009). The moderating role of self-efficacy on the relationship between emotional exhaustion and job strain for boundary spanning service employees. In: Australian and New Zealand Marketing Academy Conference 2009, 30 November- 2 January, 2009, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
Mikeska, J., Hamwi, G., Friend, S., Rutherford, B., & Park, J. (2015). Artificial emotions among salespeople: Understanding the impact of surface acting. The Marketing Management Journal, 25 (2), 54-70.
Moss, S. (2016). Self-efficacy. Sico-tests. Retrieved from: www.sicotests.com/psyarticle.asp?id=224.
Purdy, N. (2011). Effects of work environment on nursing and patient outcomes. Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository. 92. Canada: University of Western Ontario. Retrieved from https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd/92
Ranjbaran, S., Dehdari, T., Majdabadi, M. M., Sadeghniiat-Haghighi, K. (2014). The survey of sleep self-efficacy and perceived social support status in patients with poor sleep quality after coronary bypass surgery. Razi Journal of Medical Sciences, 21(126), 33-42.
Reed, A., Mikels, J., & Lockenhoff, C. (2012). Choosing with confidence: Self-efficacy and preferences for choice. Judgment and Decision-making, 7(2), 173-180.
Seaman, N., Saban, G., Balila, J., & Barrios, R. (2016). Personal Attributes and Teaching Performance as Mediated by Core Competencies of Nurse Educators: Basis for Human Resource Training and Retention Program. AUP Research Journal, 19(2), 6-20. Retrieved from http://www.aup.edu.ph/alumni/wp-content/uploads/RJ1.pdf.
Shang, J., Friese, C., Wu, E., & Aiken, L. (2012). Nursing practice environment and outcomes for oncology nursing. Cancer Nursing, 36(3), 206-12. Retrieved from http:// 10.1097/NCC.0b013e31825e4293.
Stokowski, L. (2013). Nurses are talking about: Working the night shift. Medscape. Retrieved from https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/777286.
Talebpour, A., Khurasghani, A., & Ghasemi, V. (2013). Investigating social factors associated with emotional labor among nurses. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 4(4). Retrieved from http://doi: 10.5901/ miss.2013.v4n4p369.
Theodosius, T. (2008). Emotional labor in health care: The unmanaged heart of nursing. 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge Taylor and Francis Group.
The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (2014). Physical work environment in hospitals affects nurses’ job satisfaction with implications for patient outcomes, healthcare costs. Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. Retrieved from https://www.rwjf.org/en/library/articles-andnews/2014/07/physical-work-environment-in-hospitals-affects-nurses-job-satisf.html.
Tsai, C. W., Tsai, S. H., Chen, Y. Y., & Lee, W. L. (2014). A study of nursing competency, career selfefficiency and professional commitment among nurses in Taiwan. Contemporary Nurse, 49, 96-102. Retrieved from doi: 10.5172/conu.2014.49.96.
Viejo, A. (2005). AACN’s Standards for establishing and sustaining healthy work environment. A journey to excellence. Columbia: American Association of Critical –Care Nurses, 14(3), 187-197.
Welsh, D. (2014). Self-efficacy measurement and enhancement strategies for medical-surgical clinical nurses. Medsurg Nursing, 23(6), 371-377.
World Health Organization (2015). Realising Nurses' Full Potential, Bulletin of the World Health Organisation, (93) (9): Retrieved from www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/93/9/en/
Xanthopoulou, D., Bakker, A., & Fischbach, A. (2013). Work engagement among employees facing emotional demands: The role of personal resources. Journal of Personal Psychology, 12 (2), 74-84. Retrieved from http://doi: 10.1027/1866-5888/a000085.
Zverev, Y., & Misiri, H. (2009). Perceived effects of rotating shift work on nurses’ sleep quality and duration. Malawi Medical Journal, 21(1), 19-21.