A Confirmatory Factor Analysis of Cyberbullying Behaviors among Lower Secondary School Students in Thailand
Article Sidebar
Published:
Dec 12, 2019
Keywords:
confirmatory factor analysis cyberbullying behaviors lower secondary school students Thailand
Main Article Content
Abstract
Cyberbullying is one of the most important issues around the world nowadays. Thailand also faces this problem, especially among young teens. Hence, this research study aimed to develop and validate the cyberbullying behavior indicators among lower secondary school students in Thailand. Participants in this study consisted of 532 lower secondary students. In order to validate the indicators of cyberbullying behaviors, exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were conducted. A questionnaire with 20 questions was distributed to collect data from participants. The LISREL program was used for analyzing data. The results of CFA indicated that the developed model of cyberbullying behaviors among lower secondary school students in Thailand were fitted to the empirical data and had construct validity. There are five factors covering five types of cyberbullying behaviors, namely: flaming, harassment, social bullying, outing and trickery, and impersonating. In further studies, this questionnaire can be used to measure levels of lower secondary students’ cyberbullying behaviors in Thailand.
Article Details
Section
Research Articles
Copyright: Asia-Pacific International University reserve exclusive rights to publish, reproduce and distribute the manuscript and all contents therein.
References
Antoniadou, N., Kokkinos, C., & Markos, A. (2016). Development, construct validation and measurement invariance of the Greek cyber-bullying/victimization experiences questionnaire (CBVEQ-G). Computers in Human Behavior, 65, 380-290.
Bauman, S. (2011). Cyberbullying: What counselors need to know. USA: American Counseling Association.
Bergmann, M., & Baier, D. (2018). Prevalence and correlates of cyberbullying perpetration. Findings from a German representative student survey. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(2), 1-13.
BrckaLorenz, A., Chiang, Y., & Nelson Laird, T. (2013). Internal consistency Reliability. Retrieved from https://fsse.indiana.edu/pdf/pp/2013/FSSE13_Internal_Consistency_Reliability.pdf.
Brewer, G., & Kerslake, J. (2015). Cyberbullying, self-esteem, empathy and loneliness. Computers in Human Behavior, 48, 255-260.
Creswell, J. (2012). Educational research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research (4th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson.
Department of Mental Health. (2018). Pō̜ng phai klai tūa lūk čhāk cyber bullying [Protect your child from cyber bulling]. Retrieved from https://www.dmh.go.th/news-dmh/view.asp?id=27717.
Dooley, J., Pyzalski, J., & Cross, D. (2009). Cyberbullying versus face-to-face bullying: A theoretical and conceptual review. Journal of Psychology, 217(4), 182 – 188.
Festl, R. (2016). Perpetrators on the internet: Analyzing individual and structural explanation factors of cyberbullying in school context. Computers in Human Behavior, 59, 237 – 248.
Field, A. (2017). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS Statistics (5th ed.). London: Sage Publications Ltd.
Griezel, L., Craven, R., Yeung, A., & Finger, L. (2008). The development of a multi-dimensional measure of cyber bullying. Paper presented at the Australian Association for Research in Education, Brisbane. Retrieved from https://researchbank.acu.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?Referrer=https://www.google.com/&https redir=1&article=2776&context=fea_pub.
Hair, J., Black, W., Babin, B., & Anderson, R. (2014). Multivariate data analysis with readings (7th ed.). England: Pearson Education Limited.
Koltrakul, S. (2013). Educational Psychology (11th ed.). Bangkok: Chulalongkorn University Press.
Kowalski, R., Limber, S., & Agatston, P. (2008). Cyber bullying: Bullying in the digital age. Massachusetts: Wiley-Blackwell.
Morin, A. (2019). 13-Year-Old Child Development Milestones. Retrieved from https://www.verywellfamily.com /13-year-old-developmental-milestones-2609025.
Palladino, B., Nocentini, A., & Menesini, E. (2015). Psychometric properties of the Florence cyberbullying-cybervictimization scales. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 18(2), 112-119.
Patchin, J., & Hinduja, S. (2011). Traditional and nontraditional bullying among youth: A test of general strain theory. Youth & Society, 43(2), 727 – 751.
Peebles, E. (2014). Cyberbullying: Hiding behind the screen. Paediatrics & Child Health, 19(10), 527–528.
Prachachart Turakij. (2018). Rūwā sīang tǣ yāk lō̜ng pœ̄t phon samrūat dek Thai kap phai ʻō̜nlai [Knowing the risk ... attempt to try, discover the survey of dangers from online among Thai children]. Retrieved from https://www.prachachat.net/facebook-instant-article/news-108602.
Robson, C., & Witenberg, R. (2013). The influence of moral disengagement, morally based self-esteem, age, and gender on traditional bullying and cyberbullying. Journal of School Violence, 12(2), 211-231.
Rungsang, P. (2017).The effect of group counseling on self-esteem of middle-school victims of cyberbullying (Master thesis). Faculty of Psychology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok. Retrieved from https://cuir.car.chula.ac.th/handle/123456789/58264.
Samor, N. (2013). Kānraprū khō̜ng yaowachon tō̜ kān rangkǣ nai phư̄nthī sai bœ̄ [Perceptions of teenagers towards cyber bullying] (Master thesis). Graduate School, Mahidol University, Bangkok.
Schreiber, J., Stage, F., King, J., Nora, A., & Barlow, E. (2006). Reporting structural equation modeling and confirmatory factor analysis results: A review. The Journal of Educational Research, 99(6), 323-337.
Sittichai, R., & Tudkuea, T. (2017). Cyberbullying Behavior among Youth in the Three Southern Border Provinces, Thailand. Academic Services Journal, Prince of Songkla University, 28(1), 86-99. Retrieved from https://journal.oas.psu.ac.th/index.php/asj/article/view/1090/949.
Tudkuea, T., & Laeheem, K. (2014). Development of indicators of cyberbullying among youths in Songkhla province. Asian Social Science, 10(4), 74-80.
Udris, R. (2014). Cyberbullying among high school students in Japan: Development and validation of the Online Disinhibition Scale. Computers in Human Behavior, 41, 253 – 261.
Willard, N. (2005). Educator’s guide to cyberbullying addressing the harm caused by outline social cruelty. Retrieved from https://clubtnt.org/safeOnline/printResources/EducatorsGuideToCyberbullying AddressingTheHarm.pdf.
Wong, N., & McBride, C. (2018). Fun over conscience: Fun-seeking tendencies in cyberbullying perpetration. Computers in Human Behavior, 86, 319 -329.
Zhou, Y., Zheng, W., & Gao, X. (2018). The relationship between the big five and cyberbullying among college students: The mediating effect of moral disengagement. Current Psychology, 38(5), 1162-1173.
Bauman, S. (2011). Cyberbullying: What counselors need to know. USA: American Counseling Association.
Bergmann, M., & Baier, D. (2018). Prevalence and correlates of cyberbullying perpetration. Findings from a German representative student survey. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(2), 1-13.
BrckaLorenz, A., Chiang, Y., & Nelson Laird, T. (2013). Internal consistency Reliability. Retrieved from https://fsse.indiana.edu/pdf/pp/2013/FSSE13_Internal_Consistency_Reliability.pdf.
Brewer, G., & Kerslake, J. (2015). Cyberbullying, self-esteem, empathy and loneliness. Computers in Human Behavior, 48, 255-260.
Creswell, J. (2012). Educational research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research (4th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson.
Department of Mental Health. (2018). Pō̜ng phai klai tūa lūk čhāk cyber bullying [Protect your child from cyber bulling]. Retrieved from https://www.dmh.go.th/news-dmh/view.asp?id=27717.
Dooley, J., Pyzalski, J., & Cross, D. (2009). Cyberbullying versus face-to-face bullying: A theoretical and conceptual review. Journal of Psychology, 217(4), 182 – 188.
Festl, R. (2016). Perpetrators on the internet: Analyzing individual and structural explanation factors of cyberbullying in school context. Computers in Human Behavior, 59, 237 – 248.
Field, A. (2017). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS Statistics (5th ed.). London: Sage Publications Ltd.
Griezel, L., Craven, R., Yeung, A., & Finger, L. (2008). The development of a multi-dimensional measure of cyber bullying. Paper presented at the Australian Association for Research in Education, Brisbane. Retrieved from https://researchbank.acu.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?Referrer=https://www.google.com/&https redir=1&article=2776&context=fea_pub.
Hair, J., Black, W., Babin, B., & Anderson, R. (2014). Multivariate data analysis with readings (7th ed.). England: Pearson Education Limited.
Koltrakul, S. (2013). Educational Psychology (11th ed.). Bangkok: Chulalongkorn University Press.
Kowalski, R., Limber, S., & Agatston, P. (2008). Cyber bullying: Bullying in the digital age. Massachusetts: Wiley-Blackwell.
Morin, A. (2019). 13-Year-Old Child Development Milestones. Retrieved from https://www.verywellfamily.com /13-year-old-developmental-milestones-2609025.
Palladino, B., Nocentini, A., & Menesini, E. (2015). Psychometric properties of the Florence cyberbullying-cybervictimization scales. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 18(2), 112-119.
Patchin, J., & Hinduja, S. (2011). Traditional and nontraditional bullying among youth: A test of general strain theory. Youth & Society, 43(2), 727 – 751.
Peebles, E. (2014). Cyberbullying: Hiding behind the screen. Paediatrics & Child Health, 19(10), 527–528.
Prachachart Turakij. (2018). Rūwā sīang tǣ yāk lō̜ng pœ̄t phon samrūat dek Thai kap phai ʻō̜nlai [Knowing the risk ... attempt to try, discover the survey of dangers from online among Thai children]. Retrieved from https://www.prachachat.net/facebook-instant-article/news-108602.
Robson, C., & Witenberg, R. (2013). The influence of moral disengagement, morally based self-esteem, age, and gender on traditional bullying and cyberbullying. Journal of School Violence, 12(2), 211-231.
Rungsang, P. (2017).The effect of group counseling on self-esteem of middle-school victims of cyberbullying (Master thesis). Faculty of Psychology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok. Retrieved from https://cuir.car.chula.ac.th/handle/123456789/58264.
Samor, N. (2013). Kānraprū khō̜ng yaowachon tō̜ kān rangkǣ nai phư̄nthī sai bœ̄ [Perceptions of teenagers towards cyber bullying] (Master thesis). Graduate School, Mahidol University, Bangkok.
Schreiber, J., Stage, F., King, J., Nora, A., & Barlow, E. (2006). Reporting structural equation modeling and confirmatory factor analysis results: A review. The Journal of Educational Research, 99(6), 323-337.
Sittichai, R., & Tudkuea, T. (2017). Cyberbullying Behavior among Youth in the Three Southern Border Provinces, Thailand. Academic Services Journal, Prince of Songkla University, 28(1), 86-99. Retrieved from https://journal.oas.psu.ac.th/index.php/asj/article/view/1090/949.
Tudkuea, T., & Laeheem, K. (2014). Development of indicators of cyberbullying among youths in Songkhla province. Asian Social Science, 10(4), 74-80.
Udris, R. (2014). Cyberbullying among high school students in Japan: Development and validation of the Online Disinhibition Scale. Computers in Human Behavior, 41, 253 – 261.
Willard, N. (2005). Educator’s guide to cyberbullying addressing the harm caused by outline social cruelty. Retrieved from https://clubtnt.org/safeOnline/printResources/EducatorsGuideToCyberbullying AddressingTheHarm.pdf.
Wong, N., & McBride, C. (2018). Fun over conscience: Fun-seeking tendencies in cyberbullying perpetration. Computers in Human Behavior, 86, 319 -329.
Zhou, Y., Zheng, W., & Gao, X. (2018). The relationship between the big five and cyberbullying among college students: The mediating effect of moral disengagement. Current Psychology, 38(5), 1162-1173.