Priestly Pressure: Lived Experiences of Seventh-day Adventist Pastors During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Singapore

Main Article Content

Margihon Bayu Putra Kaumpungan

Abstract

The impact of COVID-19 on mental health has received significant attention. However, the data remains limited when it comes to examining its effects upon the clergy. In this study, the experiences of six Seventh-day Adventist pastors working in Singapore were explored in regards to their mental health status during the COVID-19 pandemic. Their relationships with people, their ability to navigate changing policies, and their sense of self-worth were themes identified as affecting mental health. Conflict involving parishioners, loss of interaction, and the lack of boundaries at home affected pastors’ mental health and their dealings with people. Under the theme of policy, pastors needed to navigate through constant directional changes specified by government authorities and higher-level church organizations. Pastors felt a constant pressure to adhere to all the requirements when managing their churches. Supplementing these two themes, pastors were also constantly struggling internally, particularly with the sense of helplessness and incompetency. The findings from this study contrast with other similar studies, and point to potentially distinctive socioeconomic factors that may have played a role in the pandemic experiences of pastors in Singapore.   

Article Details

Section
Research Articles

References

Amit Aharon, A., Dubovi, I., & Ruban, A. (2021). Differences in mental health and health-related quality of life between the Israeli and Italian population during a COVID-19 quarantine. Quality of Life Research, 30(6), 1675–1684. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-020-02746-5

Bramstedt, K. A. (2020). COVID-19 as a Cause of Death for Catholic Priests in Italy : An Ethical and Occupational Health Crisis. Health and Social Care Chaplaincy, 8(2), 180–190. https://doi.org/10.1558/hscc.41620

Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2021). Can I use TA? Should I use TA? Should I not use TA? Comparing reflexive thematic analysis and other pattern‐based qualitative analytic approaches. Counselling and Psychotherapy Research, 21(1), 37–47. https://doi.org/10.1002/capr.12360

Budaev, S. V. (2021). Safety and Reverence: How Roman Catholic Liturgy Can Respond to the COVID-19 Pandemic. Journal of Religion & Health, 60(4), 2331–2352. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-021-01282-x

Calvano, C., Engelke, L., Di Bella, J., Kindermann, J., Renneberg, B., & Winter, S. (2021). Families in the COVID-19 pandemic: parental stress, parent mental health and the occurrence of adverse childhood experiences—results of a representative survey in Germany. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 31(7), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-021-01739-0

Chirico, F., & Nucera, G. (2020). An Italian experience of spirituality from the coronavirus pandemic. Journal of Religion & Health, 59(5), 2193–2195. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-020-01036-1

Choi, Y. (2013). The influence of conflict management culture on job satisfaction. Social Behavior and Personality, 41(4), 687–692. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2013.41.4.687

Crea, G. (2021). Emotional distress in Catholic priests and religious sisters during COVID-19: The mediational role of trait positivity. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 24(7), 728–744. https://doi.org/10.1080/13674676.2021. 1937586

Faucett, J. M., Corwyn, R. F., & Poling, T. H. (2013). Clergy role stress: interactive effects of role ambiguity and role conflict on intrinsic job satisfaction. Pastoral Psychology, 62(3), 291–304. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11089-012-0490-8

Fernandez, O., & González, M. G. (2020). The dead with no wake, grieving with no closure: Illness and death in the days of coronavirus in Spain. Journal of Religion & Health, 61(1), 703–721. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-020-01078-5

Glasper, A. (2020). Reports on the mental health of children during the current pandemic. British Journal of Nursing, 29(22), 1354–1355. https://doi.org/10.12968/bjon.2020.29.22.1354

Ibrahim, M. A. (2012). Thematic analysis: A critical review of its process and evaluation. West East Journal of Social Sciences, 1(1), 39–47. https://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/sites/default/files/ta_thematic_analysis_dr_mohammed_alhojailan.pdf

Jin, M. (2022). Preservice teachers’ online teaching experiences during COVID-19. Early Childhood Education Journal. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10643-022-01316-3

Johnson, L. (2010). Exploring the relationship between work, family and religion among clergy families [Doctoral Dissertation]. Loyola University Chicago.

Langford, D., & Koenig, H. (1998). The pastor’s family: The challenges of family life and pastoral responsibilities. Routledge.

Lee, A. A. (2017). Ministry, longevity, family contentment, and the male clergy family: A phenomenological study of the experience of ministry [Doctoral Dissertation]. Liberty University.

Levin, J. (2020). The faith community and the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak: Part of the problem or part of the solution? Journal of Religion & Health, 59(5), 2215–2228. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-020-01048-x

Liang, L., Ren, H., Cao, R., Hu, Y., Qin, Z., Li, C., & Mei, S. (2020). The effect of COVID-19 on youth mental health. Psychiatric Quarterly, 91(3), 841–852. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11126-020-09744-3

Liu, L. (2016). Using generic inductive approach in qualitative educational research: A case study analysis. Journal of Education and Learning, 5(2), 129. https://doi.org/10.5539/jel.v5n2p129

Maguire, M., & Delahunt, B. (2017). Doing a thematic analysis: A practical, step-by-step guide for learning and teaching scholars. All Ireland Journal of Higher Education, 9(3).

Maina, J. W., Kaaria, Z., & Kivanguli, G. (2018). Effect of pastor’s church ministry on their family stability in Nairobi County, Kenya. European Scientific Journal, 14(29), 36–52. https://doi.org/10.19044/esj.2018.v14n29p36

Mascayano, F., Van Der Ven, E., Moro, M. L., Schilling, S., Alarcón, S., Barathie, J. A., Alnasser, L., Asaoka, H., Ayinde, O., Balalian, A. A., Basagoitia, A., Brittain, K., Dohrenwend, B. P., Durand-Arias, S., Eskin, M., Fernández-Jiménez, E., Frey, M. I. F., Giménez, L. G., Gisle, L., . . .

Susser, E. (2022). The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of healthcare workers: Study protocol for the COVID-19 health care workers (HEROES) study. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 57(3), 633–645. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s00127-021-02211-9

Maxfield, M., & Pituch, K. A. (2021). COVID-19 worry, mental health indicators, and preparedness for future care needs across the adult lifespan. Aging & Mental Health, 25(7), 1273–1280. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863. 2020.1828272

Norman, Z., & Reiss, M. (2020). Risk and sacrament: being human in a COVID‐19 world. Zygon, 55(3), 577–590. https://doi.org/10.1111/zygo.12618

Nowell, L. S., Norris, J. M., White, D. E., & Moules, N. J. (2017). Thematic analysis: Striving to meet the trustworthiness criteria. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 16(1), 160940691773384. https://doi.org/10.1177/1609406917733847

Osei-Tutu, A., Affram, A. A., Mensah-Sarbah, C., Dzokoto, V., & Adams, G. (2021a). The impact of COVID-19 and religious restrictions on the well-being of Ghanaian Christians: The perspectives of religious leaders. Journal of Religion & Health, 60(4), 2232–2249. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-021-01285-8

Osei-Tutu, A., Kenin, A., Affram, A. A., Kusi, A. A., Adams, G., & Dzokoto, V. (2021b). Ban of religious gatherings during the COVID-19 pandemic: impact on Christian church leaders’ well-being in Ghana. Pastoral Psychology, 70(4), 335–347. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11089-021-00954-5

Palmer, S. (2021). Long COVID and mental health. British Journal of Community Nursing, 26(8), 406–409. https://doi.org/10.12968/bjcn.2021.26.8.406

Pappa, S., Chen, J., Barnett, J. T., Chang, A., Dong, R. K., Xu, W., Yin, A., Chen, B. G., Delios, A., Chen, R., Miller, S., Wan, X., & Zhang, S. X. (2022). A systematic review and meta-analysis of the mental health symptoms during the Covid-19 pandemic in Southeast Asia. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 76(2), 41–50. https://doi:10.1111/pcn.13306

Racine, N., Korczak, D. J., & Madigan, S. (2020). Evidence suggests children are being left behind in COVID-19 mental health research. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 31(9), 1479–1480. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s00787-020-01672-8

Ravens-Sieberer, U., Kaman, A., Erhart, M., Devine, J., Schlack, R., & Otto, C. (2021). Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on quality of life and mental health in children and adolescents in Germany. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 31(6), 879–889. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-021-01726-5

Russell, B., Tomkunas, A. J., Hutchison, M., Tambling, R. B., & Horton, A. L. (2021). The protective role of parent resilience on mental health and the parent–child relationship during COVID-19. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 53(1), 183–196. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-021-01243-1

Sonuga‐Barke, E., & Fearon, P. (2021). Editorial: Do lockdowns scar? Three putative mechanisms through which COVID‐19 mitigation policies could cause long‐term harm to young people’s mental health. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 62(12), 1375–1378. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.13537

Spadafora, N., Reid-Westoby, C., Pottruff, M., Wang, J., & Janus, M. (2023). From full day learning to 30 minutes a day: A descriptive study of early learning during the first COVID-19 pandemic school shutdown in Ontario. Early Childhood Education Journal, 51, 287–299. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10643-021-01304-z

Spinelli, M., Lionetti, F., Setti, A., & Fasolo, M. (2021). Parenting stress during the COVID‐19 outbreak: socioeconomic and environmental risk factors and implications for children emotion regulation. Family Process, 60(2), 639–653. https://doi.org/10.1111/famp.12601

Sturm, T., & Albrecht, T. (2021). Constituent Covid-19 apocalypses: contagious conspiracism, 5G, and viral vaccinations. Anthropology & Medicine, 28(1), 122–139. https://doi.org/10.1080/13648470.2020.1833684

Tagwirei, K. (2022). Sustaining pastoral work and welfare in Zimbabwe: Case study of pastors in Masvingo urban. Verbum Et Ecclesia, 43(1), a2359. https://doi.org/10.4102/ve.v43i1.2359

Village, A., & Francis, L. J. (2021). Wellbeing and perceptions of receiving support among Church of England clergy during the 2020 Covid-19 pandemic. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 24(5), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 13674676.2021.1906214

Vitorino, L. M., Sousa, L. M. M., Trzesniak, C., Valentim, O., Júnior, G. H. Y., José, H. M. G., & Lucchetti, G. (2021). Mental health, quality of life and optimism during the covid-19 pandemic: a comparison between Brazil and Portugal. Quality of Life Research, 31(6), 1775–1787. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-021-03031-9

Warren, A. M., Zolfaghari, K., Fresnedo, M., Bennett, M., Pogue, J. R., Waddimba, A. C., Zvolensky, M. J., Carlbring, P., & Powers, M. B. (2021). Anxiety sensitivity, COVID-19 fear, and mental health: results from a United States population sample. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 50(3), 204–216. https://doi.org/10.1080/16506073.2021. 1874505

While, A., & Clark, L. L. (2021). Management of work stress and burnout among community nurses arising from the COVID-19 pandemic. British Journal of Community Nursing, 26(8), 384–389. https://doi.org/10.12968/ bjcn.2021.26.8.384

Wijesinghe, M. S. D., Ariyaratne, V., Gunawardana, B. M. I., Rajapaksha, R. M. N. U., Weerasinghe, W. M. P. C., Gomez, P., Chandraratna, S., Suveendran, T., & Karunapema, R. P. P. (2021). Role of religious leaders in COVID-19 prevention: A community-level prevention model in Sri Lanka. Journal of Religion & Health, 61(1), 687–702. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-021-01463-8

Wilding, S., O’Connor, D. B., Ferguson, E., Cleare, S., Wetherall, K., O’Carroll, R. E., Robb, K. A., & O’ Connor, R. (2022). Probable COVID-19 infection is associated with subsequent poorer mental health and greater loneliness in the UK COVID-19 mental health and wellbeing study. Scientific Reports. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/sjbav

Xu, Y., Wu, Q., Jedwab, M., & Levkoff, S. E. (2020). Understanding the relationships between parenting stress and mental health with grandparent kinship caregivers’ risky parenting behaviors in the time of COVID-19. Journal of Family Violence, 37(5), 847–859. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-020-00228-3