Shinrin-Yoku and Urban Forests: A Systematic Review on Forest Bathing in Urban Landscape
Main Article Content
Abstract
Research on forest bathing has been conducted for more than 30 years in different parts of the world. The health benefits from spending time in nature including healing attributes that forests provide have been proved in a number of studies. However, most studies have taken place in natural forests outside cities. There is still skepticism as to whether urban greens, trees, and forests can provide
similar benefits. The objective of the paper is to review the literature on forest bathing in urban green spaces and urban forests, in order to explore different models, patterns, research procedures, and measurement methods used to assess health effects from forest bathing. By examining potential
locations for urban forest bathing, research participants, and methodologies used in selected literatures, the results from this study will be used as a guideline for research design on forest bathing
in urban landscape. The article is a literature review by systematically searching from two platforms,
Scopus and ScienceDirect, using 2 sets of key words. The first set consists of 4 words: Shinrin Yoku, Forest Bathing, Forest Therapy and Forest Walk. The second word set are: Urban Parks, Urban Landscape, Urban Forests, and “Urban Green. Then all the findings went through a selection procedure which included five rounds of screening and elimination, classified by date published. The final 15 research papers were selected for thorough examination to find patterns and trends of research on forest bathing in urban landscapes.
Article Details
References
Bang, Kyung-Sook, Sungjae Kim, Min Kyung Song, Kyung Im Kang, & Yeaseul Jeong. (2018). Review of the effects of a health promotion program using urban forests and nursing student mentors on the perceived and psychological health of elementary school children in vulnerable populations. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(9), 1–11. Retrieved from https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15091977
Bielinis, Ernest, Norimasa Takayama, Sergii Boiko, Aneta Omelan, & Lidia Bielinis. (2018, January). The effect of winter forest bathing on psychological relaxation of young polish adults. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 29, 276–83. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2017.12.006
Cook, Mandy. (2020). Using urban woodlands and forests as places for improving the mental well-being of people with dementia. Leisure Studies, 39(1), 41–55. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1080/02614367.2019.1595091
Fornara, Ferdinando & Renato Troffa. (2009). Review of restorative experiences and perceived affective qualities in different built and natural urban places. Proceedings, International IAPS-CSBE & HOUSING Network 2009, 1–10.
Guan, Haoming, Hongxu Wei, Xingyuan He, Zhibin Ren & Baiyi An. (2017). The tree-species-specific effect of forest bathing on perceived anxiety alleviation of young-adults in urban forests. Annals of Forest Research 0 (0). Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.15287/afr.2017.897
Hartig, Terry, Gary W Evans, Larry D Jamner, Deborah S Davis & Tommy Gärling. (2003). Tracking restoration in natural and urban field settings. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 23 (2), 109–23. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/s0272-4944(02)00109-3
Janeczko, Emilia, Ernest Bielinis, Roman Wójcik, Małgorzata Woźnicka, Wojciech Kędziora, Adrian Łukowski, … Krzysztof Janeczko. (2020). When urban environment is restorative: The effect of walking in suburbs and forests on psychological and physiological relaxation of young polish adults. Forests, 11(5), 591. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.3390/f11050591
Kaplan, Stephen. (1995). The restorative benefits of nature: Toward an integrative framework. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 15(3), 169–82. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/0272-4944(95)90001-2
Lee, J., B.-J. Park, Y. Tsunetsugu, T. Ohira, T. Kagawa & Y. Miyazaki. (2011). Effect of forest bathing on physiological and psychological responses in young Japanese male subjects. Public Health, 125(2), 93–100. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2010.09.005
Lee, Hyun Jin, Yong-Hoon Son, Songyi Kim & Dong Kun Lee. (2019, February). Healing experiences of middle-aged women through an urban forest therapy program. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 38, 383–91. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2019.01.017
Li, Q., K. Morimoto, A. Nakadai, H. Inagaki, M. Katsumata, T. Shimizu & Y. Hirata. (2007). Forest bathing enhances human natural killer activity and expression of anti-cancer proteins. International Journal of Immunopathology and Pharmacology, 20(2 Suppl 2), 3–8. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1177/03946320070200S202
Li, Qing. (2018). Forest bathing: How trees can help you find health and happiness. New York, NY: Viking.
Lyu, Bingyang, Chengcheng Zeng, Songyuan Deng, Shiliang Liu, Mingyan Jiang, Nian Li, Lanqing Wei, … Qibing Chen. (2018). Bamboo forest therapy contributes to the regulation of psychological responses. Journal of Forest Research, 24(1), 61–70. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1080/13416979.2018.1538492
Martens, Dörte, Heinz Gutscher & Nicole Bauer. (2011). Walking in ‘wild’ and ‘tended’ urban forests: The impact on psychological well-being. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 31(1), 36–44. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2010.11.001
Miyazaki, Yoshifumi. (2018). Shinrin-Yoku: The Japanese way of forest bathing for health and relaxation. London: Aster.
Morita, E., S. Fukuda, J. Nagano, N. Hamajima, H. Yamamoto, Y. Iwai, T. Nakashima, H. Ohira & T. Shirakawa. (2007). Psychological effects of forest environments on healthy adults: Shinrin-Yoku (forest-air bathing, walking) as a possible method of stress reduction. Public Health, 121(1), 54–63. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2006.05.024
O’Brien, Liz, Jake Morris & Amy Stewart. (2014). Engaging with peri-urban woodlands in England: The contribution to people’s health and well-being and implications for future management. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 11 (6), 6171–92. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph110606171
Ohtsuka, Y., Noriyuki Yabunaka & Shigeru Takayama. (1998). Shinrin-Yoku (forest-air bathing and walking) effectively decreases blood glucose levels in diabetic patients. International Journal of Biometeorology, 41(3), 125–27. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1007/s004840050064
Park, Bum Jin, Yuko Tsunetsugu, Tamami Kasetani, Takahide Kagawa & Yoshifumi Miyazaki. (2009). The physiological effects of Shinrin-Yoku (taking in the forest atmosphere or forest bathing): Evidence from field experiments in 24 forests across Japan. Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine, 15(1), 18–26. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1007/s12199-009- 0086-9
Pasanen, Tytti, Katherine Johnson, Kate Lee & Kalevi Korpela. (2018). Can nature walks with psychological tasks improve mood, self-reported restoration, and sustained attention? Results from two experimental field studies. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 2057. Retrieved from https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02057
Peel, M., Finlayson, B. & McMahon, T. (2007). Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 11(5), 1633-1644.
Staats, Henk, Helena Jahncke, Thomas R. Herzog & Terry Hartig. (2016). Urban options for psychological restoration: Common strategies in everyday situations. Edited by Urs M Nater. PLOS ONE, 11(1), e0146213. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0146213
Stigsdotter, Ulrika K., Sus Sola Corazon, Ulrik Sidenius, Jesper Kristiansen & Patrik Grahn. (2017, July). It is not all bad for the grey city – A crossover study on physiological and psychological restoration in a forest and an urban environment. Health & Place, 46, 145–54. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2017.05.007
Tsunetsugu, Yuko, Bum-Jin Park & Yoshifumi Miyazaki. (2009). Trends in research related to ‘Shinrin-Yoku’ (taking in the forest atmosphere or forest bathing) in Japan. Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine, 15(1), 27–37. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1007/s12199-009-0091-z
Ulrich, Roger S. (1983). Review of aesthetic and affective response to natural environment. In Behavior and the natural environment. (p.85–125). New York: Plenum Press. Retrieved from https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2F978-1-4613-3539-9_4.pdf
Ulrich, Roger S. (1984). View through a window may influence recovery from surgery. Science, 224 (4647), 420–21. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1126/science.6143402
Ulrich, Roger S., Robert F. Simons, Barbara D. Losito, Evelyn Fiorito, Mark A. Miles & Michael Zelson. (1991). Stress recovery during exposure to natural and urban environments. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 11(3), 201–30. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/s0272-4944(05)80184-7
United Nations. (2018, May 16). “68% of the world population projected to live in urban areas by 2050, says UN | UN DESA | United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs.” UN DESA | United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Retrieved from https://www.un.org/development/desa/en/news/population/2018-revision-of-world-urbanization-prospects.html
Wei, Hongxu, Richard J. Hauer, Xin Chen & Xingyuan He. (2019). Facial expressions of visitors in forests along the urbanization gradient: What can we learn from selfies on social networking services? Forests, 10(12), 1049. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.3390/f10121049
Wei, Hongxu, Bingqian Ma, Richard J. Hauer, Chunyue Liu, Xin Chen & Xingyuan He. (2020, August). Relationship between environmental factors and facial expressions of visitors during the urban forest experience. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 53, 126699. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2020.126699
Zeng, Chengcheng, Bingyang Lyu, Songyuan Deng, Yan Yu, Nian Li, Wei Lin, Di Li & Qibing Chen. (2020). Benefits of a three-day bamboo forest therapy session on the physiological responses of university students. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(9), 3238. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17093238
Zhou, Changwei, Lingbin Yan, Lifei Yu, Hongxu Wei, Haoming Guan, Chongfei Shang, Feiyu Chen & Junzhou Bao. (2019). Effect of short-term forest bathing in urban parks on perceived anxiety of young-adults: A pilot study in Guiyang, Southwest China. Chinese Geographical Science, 29(1), 139–50. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1007/s11769-018-0987-x