ร่องรอยแนวคิดดาร์วินทางสังคมกับบทบาทในฐานะฐานจริยศาสตร์วิถีใหม่ ปัญหาทางจริยศาสตร์และปรัชญาการเมืองเกี่ยวกับแนวคิดภูมิคุ้มกันหมู่ ในกรณีโควิด 19

Main Article Content

กานต์ บุณยะกาญจน

บทคัดย่อ

งานวิจัยชิ้นนี้มีจุดมุ่งหมายเพื่อศึกษาค้นคว้าเกี่ยวกับร่องรอยปัญหาทางจริยศาสตร์และปรัชญาการเมืองเกี่ยวกับแนวคิดภูมิคุ้มกันหมู่ในกรณีโควิด 19  การศึกษานี้อาจจำแนกออกได้เป็นสองส่วนได้แก่ 1)พัฒนาการของแนวคิดภูมิคุ้มกันหมู่ 2) ปัญหาทางจริยศาสตร์และปรัชญาการเมืองเกี่ยวกับแนวคิดภูมิคุ้มกันหมู่ในกรณีโควิด 19   โดยสรุปผลลัพธ์จากศึกษาแสดงให้เห็นว่ามีร่องรอยจำนวนมากในแนวคิดภูมิคุ้มกันหมู่ในกรณีโควิด 19  ที่สามารถสืบสาวไปหาร่องรอยแนวคิดดาร์วินทางสังคม

Article Details

บท
บทความวิจัย

References

“The synthetic philosophy in outline of Herbert Spencer” n.d. Accessed 2021, June 17 from https://www.britannica.com/biography/Herbert-Spencer/The-synthetic-philosophy-in-outline.

Aas, S. (2015). “Distributing collective obligation” Journal of Ethics and Social Philosophy, 9(3): 1-23.

Andre, F. E., Booy, R., Bock, H. L., Clemens, J., Datta, S. K., John, T. J., Lee, B. W., Lolekha, S., Peltola, H., Ruff, T. A., Santosham, M., & Schmitt, H. J. (2008). “Vaccination greatly reduces disease, disability, death and inequity worldwide.” Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 86(2): 140–146.

Ashford, E. (2003). “The Demandingness of Scanlon’s Contractualism.” Ethics, 113(2): 273–302.

Bennett, R. (2009). “The fallacy of the Principle of Procreative Beneficence.” Bioethics, 23(5): 265–273.

Bentham, J. (1843). “Anarchical Fallacies” In The Works of Jeremy Bentham, vol. 2. Edinburgh: William Tait.

Bentham, J. (1988). An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation. University of Michigan: Prometheus Books.

Bester, J. C. (2017). “Measles Vaccination is Best for Children: The Argument for Relying on Herd Immunity Fails.” Bioethical Inquiry, 14(3): 375–384

Bhattacharya, A., & Niker, F. (2021, September 3). What the pandemic can teach us about political philosophy. Accessed 2022, December 17 from https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/covid19/2021/09/03/what-the-pandemic-can-teach-us-about-political-philosophy/

Buchanan, A. (2002). “Political Legitimacy and Democracy.” Ethics, 112(4): 689–719.

Burton, A. J. (1960). DARWIN AND THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES, Theoria: A Journal of Social and Political Theory, 14: 13–22.

Chan, S., & Harris, J. (2009). “Free riders and pious sons--why science research remains obligatory.” Bioethics, 23(3): 161–171.

Citywire (2021, May 22). Throgmorton: We pick the winners of Covid Darwinism. Accessed 2021, June 17 from https://citywire.co.uk/investment-trust-insider/news/throgmorton-we-pick-the-winners-of-covid-darwinism/a1511112

Claeys, G. (2000). “The “Survival of the Fittest” and the Origins of Social Darwinism.” Journal of the History of Ideas, 61(2): 223–240.

Claeys, G. (2002). “The "Survival of the Fittest" and the Origins of Social Darwinism” Journal of the History of Ideas, 61(2): 223-240.

Cunningham, C. (2020, February 11). "survival of the fittest". Encyclopedia Britannica. Accessed 2021, June 17 from https://www.britannica.com/science/survival-of-the-fittest.

Darwin, C. (1926). The Origin of Species, first British edition. Chapter IV 109-10. London: John Murray.

Delanty, G. (2020, May). Six political philosophies in search of a virus: Critical perspectives on the coronavirus pandemic. Accessed 2021, June 17 from https://www.lse.ac.uk/european-institute/Assets/Documents/LEQS-Discussion-Papers/LEQSPaper156.pdf

Duque Silva, G. A. & Prado Higuera, C. D. (2021, October 5). Political Theology and COVID-19: Agamben’s Critique of Science as a New “Pandemic Religion”. Accessed 2021, October 30 from https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/opth-2020-0177/html?lang=en

Eichhorn, A. & Potter, G. M. (1918). “Contagious abortion of cattle” Circular No.69: 1-16.

Fine, P., Eames, K. & Heymann, D. L. (2011) “Herd Immunity: A Rough Guide” Clinical Infectious Diseases, 52(7): 911–916.

France24. (2020, April 2). Coronavirus pandemic: What exactly is the "herd immunity" strategy put in place in Brazil and Sweden? [Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.france24.com/en/video/20200402-coronavirus-pandemic-what-exactly-is-the-herd-immunity-strategy-put-in-place-in-brazil-and-sweden

Gherghel C., Nastas D., Hashimoto T., Takai J., Cargile A. (2019). “Culture, Morality, and the Effect of Prosocial Behavior Motivation on Positive Affect.” Ethics Behav, 30:126–149.

Ghosh, P. (2020, March 14). Coronavirus: Some scientists say UK virus strategy is 'risking lives'. Accessed 2021, June 17 from https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-51892402.

Giubilini, A., Douglas, T., & Savulescu, J. (2018). “The moral obligation to be vaccinated: utilitarianism, contractualism, and collective easy rescue.” Medicine, health care, and philosophy, 21(4): 547–560.

Giubilini, A., Douglas, T., & Savulescu, J. (2018). “The moral obligation to be vaccinated: utilitarianism, contractualism, and collective easy rescue.” Medicine, health care, and philosophy 21(4): 547–560. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11019-018-9829-y

Hacker, A. (1954). “Capital and Carbuncles: The “Great Books” Reappraised.” The American Political Science Review, 48(3): 775–786.

Held, V. (1970). “Can a Random Collection of Individuals be Morally Responsible?” The Journal of Philosophy, 67(14): 471–481.

Hobbes, T. (1996). Leviathan. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Horton, J. (2010). Political Obligation. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

Hume, D. (1994). “Of the Original Contract” In Stuart Warner, S. & Livingston, D. (Eds.) Political Writing. Indianapolis: Hackett.

Kelley, B. (2020, May 30). We are not all in the same boat. We are all in the same storm. Some are on super-yachts. Some have just the one oar. Accessed 2021, July 29 from https://www.damianbarr.com/latest/https/we-are-not-all-in-the-same-boat.

King, B. (2021, June 22). How much is Covid costing the UK and how will we pay?. Accessed 2021, June 17 from https://www.bbc.com/news/business-52663523.

Lawford-Smith, H. (2012). “The Feasibility of Collectives' Actions.” Australasian Journal of Philosophy, 90(3): 453-467.

Lukes, S. (1969). “Durkheim's ‘individualism and the intellectuals’” Political Studies, 17(1): 14–30.

Luyten, J., Vandevelde, A., Van Damme, P. & Beutels, P. (2011). “Vaccination Policy and Ethical Challenges Posed by Herd Immunity, Suboptimal Uptake and Subgroup Targeting.” Public Health Ethics, 4(3): 280-291.

Mill, J.S. (1910). Utilitarianism, Liberty, Representative Government. New York: Dutton.

Mill, J.S. (1998). Utilitarianism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Mill, J.S. (2005)."The subjection of women" In Cudd, Ann & Andreasen, Robin (eds.) Feminist Theory: A Philosophical Anthology. Oxford: Massachusetts.

Miller-Levi, M. (2021, March 2). The link between Darwinism and customer behavior during COVID-19. Accessed 2021, June 17 from https://www.researchworld.com/the-link-between-darwinism-and-customer-behavior-during-covid-19/

Nozick, R. (1974). Anarchy, State, and Utopia. New York: Basic Books.

Ostrom, E. (2000). “Collective Action and the Evolution of Social Norms.” The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 14(3): 137–158.

Ostrom, E. (2009). “Building Trust to Solve Commons Dilemmas: Taking Small Steps to Test an Evolving Theory of Collective Action” In Levin, S. (eds) Games, Groups, and the Global Good. Springer Series in Game Theory. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer.

Oswald, A. J. & Powdthavee, N. (2020). "The Case for Releasing the Young from Lockdown: A Briefing Paper for Policymakers," IZA Discussion Papers No.13113, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).

Potter, G., & Eichhorn, A. (1918). “Contagious Abortion of Cattle” Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Circular, 69: 1-16. Accessed 2021, June 17 from https://www.ksre.k-state.edu/historicpublications/pubs/SC069.PDF.

Scheffler, S. (1988). Consequentialism and Its Critics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Simmons, A. J. (1979). Moral Principles and Political Obligations. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Singer, P., & Plant, M. (2020, April 6). When Will the Pandemic Cure Be Worse Than the Disease?. Accessed 2021, June 17 from https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/when-will-lockdowns-be-worse-than-covid19-by-peter-singer-and-michael-plant-2020-04?barrier=accesspaylog

Skinner, Q. (1978). The Foundations of Modern Political Thought: Volume 2, The Age of Reformation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Skinner, Q. (1998). Liberty before Liberalism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Smith, A. (2002). “The Theory Of Moral Sentiments” In Haakonssen, K. (Ed.) Adam Smith: The Theory of Moral Sentiments (Cambridge Texts in the History of Philosophy). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Smyth, C. (2021, February 18). Define an acceptable level of Covid deaths. Accessed 2021, July 29 from https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/define-an-acceptable-level-of-covid-deaths-kfz7lm0b8

Stewart, H. & Busby, M. (2020, March 13). Coronavirus: science chief defends UK plan from criticism. Access 2021, June 17 from https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/13/coronavirus-science-chief-defends-uk-measures-criticism-herd-immunity.

Sullivan, R. J. (1989). Immanuel Kant's Moral Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

T. H Green, T. H. (1986). Lectures on the Principles of Political Obligation and Other Writings. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Taylor, C. (2005). “Democritus” In S. Harrison & M. Lane (Authors) & C. Rowe & M. Schofield (Eds.), The Cambridge History of Greek and Roman Political Thought (The Cambridge History of Political Thought, pp. 122-129). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Verweij, M., & Dawson, A. (2004). “Ethical principles for collective immunisation programmes.” Vaccine, 22(23-24): 3122–3126.

West, Henry R. (2003). An Introduction to Mill’s Utilitarian Ethics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Wringe, Bill (2016). “Collective Obligations: Their Existence, Their Explanatory Power, and Their Supervenience on the Obligations of Individuals.” European Journal of Philosophy, 24(2): 472-497.

Yang, L., & Ren, Y. (2020). “Moral Obligation, Public Leadership, and Collective Action for Epidemic Prevention and Control: Evidence from the Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Emergency.” International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(8): 2731.