Discriminating Factors for Career Path Decisions of Pharmacists in the Southern Region: Continuing or Resigning from the Bureaucratic System
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
The objective of this research was to study the discriminant factors of resignation decisions among pharmacists in southern Thailand. This research employed a quantitative research method and questionnaires were used as a research tool. The sample in this study was pharmacists working in the bureaucratic system and those who resigned. A total of 280 subjects were randomly selected and stratified according to the type of pharmacists. The data was analyzed with a linear discriminant function and cluster analysis. The results show that job security, desire to help others, work environment, and financial remuneration significantly discriminated set the two groups of pharmacists apart. Those who left the bureaucratic system were those who had higher a desire to help others and perceived that having a career as a pharmacist was a prestigious, working in a better environment than the group remaining in the bureaucratic system. However, the job security is lower. This means that those engaged in the bureaucratic system had higher job security than those who quit. It can be said that both intrinsic and extrinsic motivation factors are important factors in distinguishing pharmacists who remain in the bureaucratic system or resign.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
The manuscript submitted for publication must be the original version, submitted only to this particular journal with no prior acceptance for publication elsewhere in other academic journals. The manuscript must also not violate the copyright issue by means of plagiarism.
References
Abeysekera, R. (2007). The impact of human resource management practices on marketing executive
turnover of leasing companies in Sri Lanka. Contemporary Management Research, 3(3), 233–
AFT Healthcare. (2001). Empty hallways, the hidden shortage of healthcare workers. Retrieved Jan
, 2024, from https://snhumedia.snhu.edu/files/course_repository/graduate/hrm/hrm630/
Empty_Hallways.pdf
Akosah-Twumasi, P., Emeto, T. I., Lindsay, D., Tsey, K., & Malau-Aduli, B. S. (2018). A systematic review
of factors that influence youths’ career choices and the role of culture. Frontiers in
Education, 3, 1-15.
Akpan, C. P. (2013). Job security and job satisfaction as determinants of organizational commitment
among university teachers in Cross River State, Nigeria. British Journal of Education, 1(2), 82–93.
Armstrong, M. (2006). A handbook of human resource management practice (10th ed.). London:
Kogan Page Publishing.
Bandura, A. (2007). Self-efficiency, the self-efficacy feeling. Bruxelles: De Boeck University.
Bangkok Thurakit. (2020). Ngān wan phēsatchakō̜n lōk yam botbāt dūlǣ kānchai yā nai phūpūai [World pharmacists day event emphasize the role of taking care of drug use in patients]. Retrieved May 19, 2023, from https://www.bangkokbiznews.com/news/detail/774571
Blanco, A. (2011). Applying social cognitive career theory to predict interests and choice goals in
statistics among Spanish psychology students. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 78(1), 49–58.
Brown, D. (1996). Brown’s values-based, holistic model of career and life-role choices and satisfaction. In D, Brown, L. Brooks, & Associates (Eds.), Career Choice and Development (3rd ed.) (pp.337-372). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Bryne, B. M. (2010). Structural equation modeling with AMOS: Basic concepts, applications, and
Programming (2nd ed.). New York London: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group.
Buhler, P. (2002). Human resources management: All the information you need to manage your staff
and meet your objectives. Avon, MA: Adams Media.
Butts, M. M., Lunt, D. C., Freling, T. L., & Gabriel, A. S. (2019). Helping one or helping many? A theoretical integration and meta-analytic review of the compassion fade literature. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 151, 16–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2018.12.006
Carpenter, P., & Foster, B. (1977). The career decision of student teachers. Education Research and
Perspectives, 4, 23–33.
Chandrasekar, K. (2011). Workplace environment and its impact on organizational performance in
public sector organizations. International Journal of Enterprise Computing and Business
System, 1(1), 1-19.
Clary, E. G., Snyder, M., Ridge, R. D., Copeland, J., Stukas, A. A., Haugen, J., & Miene, P. (1998).
Understanding and assessing the motivations of volunteers: A functional approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(6), 1516–1530. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.74.6.1516
Dal, U., Arifoglu, B. C., & Razi, G. S. (2009). What factors influence students in their choice of nursing in
North Cyprus? Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 1(1), 1924-1930.
Dunnion, M. E., Dunnion, G., & McBride, M. (2010). Do I want to be a nurse? What influences students
to undertake a BSC in nursing program: A preliminary study. Journal of Research in Nursing,
(5), 457-468.
Foldspang, L., Mark, M., Hjorth, L. R., Langholz-Carstensen, C., Poulsen, O. M., Johansson, U., & Rants, L. L. (2014). Working environment and productivity: A register-based analysis of Nordic
enterprises. Denmark: Nordic Council of Ministers.
Ganesh, S. (2015). Work environment and its effect on job satisfaction in cooperative sugar factories in
Maharashtra, India. Abhinav International Monthly Refereed Journal of Research in
Management and Technology, 4(5), 21–31.
Grundy, E. (2007). Population aging: Causes and consequences. London: Churchill Livingstone.
Hair, J. F., Babin, B, J., Anderson, R. E., & Black, W. C. (2019). Multivariate data analysis (8th ed.).
England: Pearson Prentice.
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate data analysis (7th ed.).
Pearson, NJ: Pearson Education Inc.
Halperin, O., & Mashiach-Eizenberg, M. (2014). Becoming a nurse study of career choice and
professional adaptation among Israeli Jewish and Arab nursing students: A quantitative research
study. Nurse Education Today, 34(10), 1330-1334.
Jain, R., & Kaur, S. (2014). Impact of work environment on job satisfaction. International Journal of
Scientific and Research Publications, 4(1), 1–8.
Kim, S. (2002). Participative management and job satisfaction: Lessons for management leadership
researchers. Public Administration Review, 62(2), 231–241.
Kraimer, M. L., Wayne, S. J., Liden, R. C., & Sparrowe, R. T. (2005). The role of job security in
understanding the relationship between employees’ perceptions of temporary workers and
employees’ performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(2), 389-398.
Leelang, S. (2019). Pharmacist, compounding physician, pharmacist, pharmacist, pharmaceutical care. Retrieved Jan 1, 2024, from https://www.doctormorya.com/content/671/
Lent, R. W., & Brown, S. D. (1996). Social cognitive approach to career development: An overview. The
Career Development Quarterly, 44(4), 310-321.
Lent, R. W., Brown, S. D., & Hacket, G. (2002). Social cognitive career theory. Career Choice and
Development, 4(1), 255–311.
News Agency In-Depth on Health. (2017a). Saphā phēsatchakam phœ̄i Thai khātkhlǣn phēsatchakō̜n nak čhī rat bančhu rātchakān pī la 1,602 khon tittō̜ kan sip pī [There is a critical shortage of pharmacists in the public sector, urging the ministry of public health to add more positions to move forward with primary care work]. Retrieved May 18, 2023, from https://www.hfocus.org/content/2017/06/14101
News Agency In-Depth on Health. (2017b). Phēsatchakō̜n phāk rat khātkhlǣn nawik rưti čhī sot phœ̄m tamnǣng phư̄a ngān pathom phūm dœ̄n nā [The Pharmacy council reveals that Thailand has a severe shortage of pharmacists, forcing the government to hire 1,602 people per year for 10 consecutive years]. Retrieved May 18, 2023, from https://www.hfocus.org/content/2017/ 09/14623
Nyamwange, J. (2016). Influence of student’s interest on career choice among first year university
students in public and private universities in Kisii County, Kenya. Journal of Education and
Practice, 7(4), 96-102.
Oldham, G. R., Kulik, C. T., Stepina, L. P., & Ambrose, M. L. (1986). Relations between situational factors
and the comparative referents used by employees. Academy of Management Journal, 29(3),
-608.
Olubusayo, F. H., Stephen, I. A., & Maxwell, O. (2014). Incentives packages and employees’ attitudes
to work: A study of selected government parastatals in Ogun State, South-West, Nigeria.
International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science, 3(1), 63–74.
Omar, M. K., & Ramdani, N. F. S. M. (2017). Perceived work environment, perceived work values, and
turnover intention among generation-Y of a private trustee organization in Malaysia.
International Journal of Business and Management, 1(2), 23–34.
Özutku, H. (2012). The influence of intrinsic and extrinsic rewards on employee results: An empirical
analysis in Turkish manufacturing industry. Business and Economics Research Journal, 3(3), 29–
Patton, W., & McMahon, M. (1999). Career development and system theory: A new relationship. Pacific
Grove, CA: Thomson Brooks/Cole Publishing Co.
Perry, J. L. (1996). Measuring public service motivation: An assessment of construct reliability and
validity. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 6(1), 5-22.
Pharmacy Council and the Steering Committee of the Pharmacy Education Coordination Center of Thailand. (2017). Čhamnūan phēsatchakō̜n thī čham pen tō̜ ʻong mī samrap kāndūlǣ sukkhaphāp khwāmplō̜tphai læ kānchai yā khō̜ng prachāchon [Number of pharmacists required to maintain public health, safety, and drug use]. Retrieved May 18, 2023, from https://pharmacycouncil.org/share/file/file_2091.แถลงการณ์สภาเภสัชกรรม_เรื่องกำลังคน_June16, 2017.pdf
Probst, T. M. (2003). Development and validation of the job security index and the job security
satisfaction scale: A classical test theory and IRT approach. Journal of Occupational and
Organizational Psychology, 76(4), 451–467.
Robbins, S. P., Coulter, M. K., & DeCenzo, D. A., (2008). Fundamentals of management: Essential
concepts and applications. NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River.
Saad, S. M., Fatima, S. S., & Faruqi, A. A. (2011). Students’ views regarding selecting medicine as a
profession. The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association, 61(8), 832–836.
Salunke, G. N. (2015). Relationship between motivational factors and labour productivity in SMEs with
reference to nashik revenue region in Maharashtra, India. International Journal of Management, IT and Engineering, 5(7), 227-243.
Sharf, R. S. (2013). Applying career development theory to counseling (6th ed.). Belmont, CA:
Brooks/Cole.
Shirey, M. R. (2006). Authentic leaders creating healthy work environments for nursing practice.
American Journal of Critical Care, 15(3), 256-267.
Shoffner, M. F., Newsome, D., Barrio Minton, C. A., & Wachter Morris, C. A. (2015). A qualitative
exploration of the STEM career-related outcome expectations of young adolescents. Journal
of Career Development, 42(2), 102-116.
Smerek, R. E., & Peterson, M. (2007). Examining Herzberg’s theory: Improving job satisfaction among
non-academic employees at a university. Research in Higher Education, 48(2), 229–250.
Sokhanvar, M., Kakemam, E., Chegini, Z., & Sarbakhsh, P. (2018). Hospital nurses’ job security and
turnover intention and factors contributing to their turnover intention: A cross-sectional study.
Nursing and Midwifery Studies, 7(3), 133–140.
Songa, Z., Hu, Y., Zheng, S., Yang, L., & Zhao, R. (2020). Hospital pharmacists’ pharmaceutical care for
hospitalized patients with COVID-19: Recommendations and guidance from clinical experience.
Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy, 17(1), 2027–2031.
Tantular, A. P., & Fauzi, A. (2023). The role of extrinsic motivation as a mediator between job market
considerations and financial rewards for student career selection. Luxury: Landscape of
Business Administration, 1(2), 61-77.
Terera, S. R., & Ngirande, H. (2014). The impact of rewards on job satisfaction and employee retention.
Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 5(1), 481–487.
Thompson, D. C., Thompson, R. S., & Rivara, F. P. (2001). Risk compensation theory should be subject
to systematic reviews of the scientific evidence. Injury Prevention, 7(2), 86-88.
Visacri, M. B., Figueiredo, I. V., & Lima, T. M. (2020). Role of pharmacist during the COVID-19 pandemic:
A scoping review. Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy. 17(1), 1799-1806.
World Health Organization. (2014). Medicines shortages: global approaches to addressing shortages of
essential medicines in health systems. WHO Drug Information, 30(2), 180-185.
Wu, L. T., Low, M. M. J., Tan, K. K., Lopez, V., & Liaw, S. Y. (2015). Why not nursing? A systematic review
of factors influencing career choice among healthcare students. International Nursing Review,
(4), 547-562.
Wüst, K., & Šimić, M. L. (2017). Students’ career preferences: Intercultural study of Croatian and
German students. Economic & Sociology, 10(3), 136–152.
Yousaf, S., Latif, M., Aslam, S., & Saddiqui, A. (2014). The impact of financial and non-financial rewards
on employee motivation. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research, 21(10), 1776–1786.
Zola, N., Yusuf, A. M., & Firman, F. (2022). Konsep social cognitive career theory. JRTI (Jurnal Riset
Tindakan Indonesia), 7(1), 24-28.