AIR DEFENCE IDENTIFICATION ZONES OUTSIDE SOVEREIGN AIRSPACE: UNSETTLED LEGALITY AND PROPOSED ALLOCATION OF AUTHORITY
Article Sidebar
Published:
Jun 29, 2020
Keywords:
air defence identification zone, International Civil Aviation Organization, Convention on International Civil Aviation, jurisdiction, self-defense
Main Article Content
Abstract
ABSTRACT
States tend to extend their air defence identification zones (ADIZs) to airspace not above their territory. As a result, this raises a legal question on which type of jurisdiction that each State exercises to prescribe its domestic law on foreign aircraft. This article, thus, studies principles in international law together with state practice of four selected States, namely, the United States of America, Canada, China, and Thailand. Aiming to address the legality of ADIZs in international law, this article first examines whether states have jurisdiction to declare ADIZs either on conventional or customary international law grounds. In particular, it considers if self-defense serves as a valid basis of states’ declaration of ADIZs. The result of this study reveals that there is no legal basis under international law to permit States to exercise their jurisdiction to prescribe rules on ADIZs in airspace outside their territory. Consequently, the article reviews the role of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) on monitoring international aviation safety and proposes ICAO, according to its mandates, to publish standards, recommended practices, or manuals in order to regulate ADIZs. In addition, if ICAO has any questions concerning the status of ADIZs, it should ask the International Court of Justice for an advisory opinion.
Article Details
Section
Articles
บทความหรือข้อความคิดเห็นใด ๆ ที่ปรากฏในวารสารบัณฑิตศึกษานิติศาสตร์เป็นวรรณกรรมของผู้เขียนโดยเฉพาะคณะนิติศาสตร์ มหาวิทยาลัยธรรมศาสตร์ และบรรณาธิการไม่จำเป็นต้องเห็นด้วย
References
บรรณานุกรม
1. หนังสือ
Abeyratne, Ruwantissa, Convention on International Civil Aviation: A Commentary, (Dordrecht: Springer, 2014).
Cheng, Chia-Ju, Studies in International Air Law: Selected Works of Bin Cheng, (Leiden: Brill Nijhoff, 2017).
Crawford, James, Brownlie’s Principles of Public International Law Oxford, 8th ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 2013).
Dempsey, Paul Stephen, Public International Air Law (Montreal: McGill University, 2008).
Huang, Jiefang, Aviation Safety Through the Rule of Law: ICAO's Mechanisms and Practices, (Dordrecht: Kluwer Law International, 2009).
McDougal, Myres S., Harold D. Lasswell, and Ivan A. Vlasic, Law and Public Order in Space (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1963).
Milde, Michael, International Air Law and ICAO, 2nd ed. (The Hague: Eleven International Publishing, 2012).
Mouton, M.W., The International Regime of the Polar Regions, 107 Recueil Des Cours (Dordrecht: Kluwer Law International, 1962).
2. บทในหนังสือ
Gray, Christine, The Use of Force and the International Legal Order in Malcolm D. Evans (ed), International Law, 3rd ed. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010).
3. บทความ
Bae, Jon, “Review of the Dispute Settlement Mechanism Under the International Civil Aviation Organization: Contradiction of Political Body Adjudication,” Journal of International Dispute Settlement, 4(1) (2013).
Caudra, Elizabeth, “Air Defense Identification Zones: Creeping Jurisdiction in Airspace,” Virginia Journal of International Law, 18 (1978).
Dutton, Peter A., “Caelum Liberum: Air Defense Identification Zones Outside Sovereign Airspace,” American Journal of International Law 103(4) (October 2009).
Hailbronner, Kay, "Freedom of the Air and the Convention on the Law of the Sea," American Journal of International Law 77(3) (July 1983).
Kaiser, Stefan A., “The Legal Status of Air Defense Identification Zones: Tensions over the East China Sea,” Zeitschrift fur Luft- und Weltraumrecht 63 (2014).
Lamont, Christopher, “Conflict in the Skies: The Law of Air Defence Identification Zones,” Air & Space Law 39 (2014).
Lee, Jae Woon, "Tension on the Air: The Air Defense Identification Zones on the East China Sea," Journal of East Asia and International Law, 7, no. 1 (2014).
Lee, Jae Woon and Xiongfeng Li, “Ongoing Tension in the Air: The Need for ICJ’s Advisory Opinion on Air Defense Identification Zone (ADIZ),” Korean Journal of International and Comparative Law, 6 pp.20, 27 (2018).
Li, Juqian, "Air Defense Identification Zone: The Restriction on the Free Sky Due to the Residual Right Principle," China Legal Science, 2(4) (July 2014).
Milde, Michael, “Interception of Civil Aircraft vs. Misuse of Civil Aviation,” Annals of Air and Space Law, 11 (1986).
Papp, Zoltán, “Air Defense Identification Zone (ADIZ) in the light of Public International Law,” Pécs Journal of International and European Law (2015).
Su, Jinyuan, “The East China Sea Air Defense Identification Zone and International Law,” Chinese Journal of International Law 14 (2015).
Su, Jinyuan, “The Practice of States on Air Defense Identification Zones: Geographical Scope, Object of Identification, and Identification Measures,” Chinese Journal of International Law, 18 (2019).
Zheng, Pai, "Justifications and Limits of ADIZs under Public International Law," Issues in Aviation Law and Policy, 14, no. 2 (2015).
4. เอกสารระหว่างประเทศ
Convention on International Civil Aviation 1944
Charter of the United Nations.
International Civil Aviation Organization, Annex 2 Rules of the Air, (July 2005).
International Civil Aviation Organization, Annex 4 Aeronautical Charts, (July 2009).
International Civil Aviation Organization, Annex 15 Aeronautical Information Services, (July 2018).
International Civil Aviation Organization, A33-1: Declaration on misuse of civil aircraft as weapons of destruction and other terrorist acts involving civil aviation.
International Civil Aviation Organization, Civil/Military Cooperation Update, ATMSG/6 WP26 (2018).
International Civil Aviation Organization, Council – 200th Session, ICAO Doc 10032-C/1175, (2013).
International Civil Aviation Organization, Council – 201st Session, ICAO Doc 10036-C/1176, (2014).
United Nations Convention on Jurisdictional Immunities of States and Their Property 2005.
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) 1982.
5. คำพิพากษาศาลระหว่างประเทศ
Asylum Case (Columbia v Peru), Judgment (1950) ICJ Reports 266, 277.
Case concerning Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States of America), Judgment (1986) ICJ Reports 14 para.195.
North Sea Continental Shelf (Federal Republic of Germany/Denmark; Federal Republic of Germany/Netherlands), Judgment (1969) ICJ Reports 3, 43.
The Case of the S.S. “Lotus”, Judgement (1927) PCIJ, pp.18-20.
6. กฎหมายต่างประเทศ
14 CFR Part 99 - Security Control of Air Traffic
Canadian Aviation Regulations (CARs), SOR/96-433.
U.S. Code § 46307.
7. กฎหมายไทย
พระราชบัญญัติว่าด้วยการปฏิบัติต่ออากาศยานที่กระทำผิดกฎหมาย พ.ศ. 2553.
8. สื่ออิเล็กทรอนิกส์
“Laos plane refused entry to China has no link with ADIZ,” Global Times, (30 July 2015) accessed 12 December 2019, from http://www.globaltimes.cn/content/934722.shtml.
“Statement by Defense Ministry Spokesman Geng Yansheng on China's Air Defense Identification Zone (ADIZ)”, Mission of the People's Republic of China to the European Union, accessed 12 December 2019, from http://www.chinamission.be/eng/more/zbzc/t1109762.htm.
Beckman, Robert and Hao Duy Phan, “Air Defence Identification Zones: Implications for Freedom of Overflight and Maritime Disputes” Internal Workshop, National University of Singapore (November 2014), available from https://cil.nus.edu.sg/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Beckman-Phan-ADIZ-Paper-submitted- [2020, April 15].
Civil Aviation Authority of Thailand, “Information on this eAIP” (24 October 2019) accessed 12 December 2019 from https://aip.caat.or.th/2019-12-05-AIRAC/html/index-en-GB.html?fbclid=IwAR05gtfMDAjsI-qd6RBk8DKCwrSxUlc3XkhphiRpf8Yc5CrjXV7_bftIyrw, sec.8.2.
Federal Aviation Agency, “ENR 1.12 National Security and Interception Procedures”, accessed 18 April 2020, from https://www.faa.gov/air_traffic/publications/atpubs/aip_html/part2_enr_section_1.12.html
International Civil Aviation Organization, Convention on International Civil Aviation. Available from https://www.icao.int/secretariat/legal/List%20of%20Parties/Chicago_EN.pdf. [2020, April 18].
McLaughlin, Elizabeth, “Canadian military aircraft intercept 2 Russian bombers north of Alaska coast,” ABC News (9 August 2019) accessed 12 December 2019, from https://abc7news.com/us-and-canadian-military-aircraft-intercept-2-russian-bombers-north-of-alaska-coast/5453001/.
United Nations Treaties Collection, Law of the Sea. Available from https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetailsIII.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXI-6&chapter=21&Temp=mtdsg3&clang=_en [2020, April 18].
United Nations Treaties Collection, Protocol relating to an amendment to the Convention on International Civil Aviation (Article 3 bis). Available from https://treaties.un.org/Pages/showDetails.aspx?objid=080000028008eb82.
United States, Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, The Commander’s Handbook on the Law of Naval Operations, August 2017 Edition (United States: Department of the Navy, Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, 2017).
US Department of Transportation, The May 11 Incident that Led to the Evacuation of the Us Capitol, White House and Supreme Court, accessed 18 April 2020, from https://www.transportation.gov/testimony/may-11-incident-led-evacuation-us-capitol-white-house-and-supreme-court.
1. หนังสือ
Abeyratne, Ruwantissa, Convention on International Civil Aviation: A Commentary, (Dordrecht: Springer, 2014).
Cheng, Chia-Ju, Studies in International Air Law: Selected Works of Bin Cheng, (Leiden: Brill Nijhoff, 2017).
Crawford, James, Brownlie’s Principles of Public International Law Oxford, 8th ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 2013).
Dempsey, Paul Stephen, Public International Air Law (Montreal: McGill University, 2008).
Huang, Jiefang, Aviation Safety Through the Rule of Law: ICAO's Mechanisms and Practices, (Dordrecht: Kluwer Law International, 2009).
McDougal, Myres S., Harold D. Lasswell, and Ivan A. Vlasic, Law and Public Order in Space (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1963).
Milde, Michael, International Air Law and ICAO, 2nd ed. (The Hague: Eleven International Publishing, 2012).
Mouton, M.W., The International Regime of the Polar Regions, 107 Recueil Des Cours (Dordrecht: Kluwer Law International, 1962).
2. บทในหนังสือ
Gray, Christine, The Use of Force and the International Legal Order in Malcolm D. Evans (ed), International Law, 3rd ed. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010).
3. บทความ
Bae, Jon, “Review of the Dispute Settlement Mechanism Under the International Civil Aviation Organization: Contradiction of Political Body Adjudication,” Journal of International Dispute Settlement, 4(1) (2013).
Caudra, Elizabeth, “Air Defense Identification Zones: Creeping Jurisdiction in Airspace,” Virginia Journal of International Law, 18 (1978).
Dutton, Peter A., “Caelum Liberum: Air Defense Identification Zones Outside Sovereign Airspace,” American Journal of International Law 103(4) (October 2009).
Hailbronner, Kay, "Freedom of the Air and the Convention on the Law of the Sea," American Journal of International Law 77(3) (July 1983).
Kaiser, Stefan A., “The Legal Status of Air Defense Identification Zones: Tensions over the East China Sea,” Zeitschrift fur Luft- und Weltraumrecht 63 (2014).
Lamont, Christopher, “Conflict in the Skies: The Law of Air Defence Identification Zones,” Air & Space Law 39 (2014).
Lee, Jae Woon, "Tension on the Air: The Air Defense Identification Zones on the East China Sea," Journal of East Asia and International Law, 7, no. 1 (2014).
Lee, Jae Woon and Xiongfeng Li, “Ongoing Tension in the Air: The Need for ICJ’s Advisory Opinion on Air Defense Identification Zone (ADIZ),” Korean Journal of International and Comparative Law, 6 pp.20, 27 (2018).
Li, Juqian, "Air Defense Identification Zone: The Restriction on the Free Sky Due to the Residual Right Principle," China Legal Science, 2(4) (July 2014).
Milde, Michael, “Interception of Civil Aircraft vs. Misuse of Civil Aviation,” Annals of Air and Space Law, 11 (1986).
Papp, Zoltán, “Air Defense Identification Zone (ADIZ) in the light of Public International Law,” Pécs Journal of International and European Law (2015).
Su, Jinyuan, “The East China Sea Air Defense Identification Zone and International Law,” Chinese Journal of International Law 14 (2015).
Su, Jinyuan, “The Practice of States on Air Defense Identification Zones: Geographical Scope, Object of Identification, and Identification Measures,” Chinese Journal of International Law, 18 (2019).
Zheng, Pai, "Justifications and Limits of ADIZs under Public International Law," Issues in Aviation Law and Policy, 14, no. 2 (2015).
4. เอกสารระหว่างประเทศ
Convention on International Civil Aviation 1944
Charter of the United Nations.
International Civil Aviation Organization, Annex 2 Rules of the Air, (July 2005).
International Civil Aviation Organization, Annex 4 Aeronautical Charts, (July 2009).
International Civil Aviation Organization, Annex 15 Aeronautical Information Services, (July 2018).
International Civil Aviation Organization, A33-1: Declaration on misuse of civil aircraft as weapons of destruction and other terrorist acts involving civil aviation.
International Civil Aviation Organization, Civil/Military Cooperation Update, ATMSG/6 WP26 (2018).
International Civil Aviation Organization, Council – 200th Session, ICAO Doc 10032-C/1175, (2013).
International Civil Aviation Organization, Council – 201st Session, ICAO Doc 10036-C/1176, (2014).
United Nations Convention on Jurisdictional Immunities of States and Their Property 2005.
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) 1982.
5. คำพิพากษาศาลระหว่างประเทศ
Asylum Case (Columbia v Peru), Judgment (1950) ICJ Reports 266, 277.
Case concerning Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States of America), Judgment (1986) ICJ Reports 14 para.195.
North Sea Continental Shelf (Federal Republic of Germany/Denmark; Federal Republic of Germany/Netherlands), Judgment (1969) ICJ Reports 3, 43.
The Case of the S.S. “Lotus”, Judgement (1927) PCIJ, pp.18-20.
6. กฎหมายต่างประเทศ
14 CFR Part 99 - Security Control of Air Traffic
Canadian Aviation Regulations (CARs), SOR/96-433.
U.S. Code § 46307.
7. กฎหมายไทย
พระราชบัญญัติว่าด้วยการปฏิบัติต่ออากาศยานที่กระทำผิดกฎหมาย พ.ศ. 2553.
8. สื่ออิเล็กทรอนิกส์
“Laos plane refused entry to China has no link with ADIZ,” Global Times, (30 July 2015) accessed 12 December 2019, from http://www.globaltimes.cn/content/934722.shtml.
“Statement by Defense Ministry Spokesman Geng Yansheng on China's Air Defense Identification Zone (ADIZ)”, Mission of the People's Republic of China to the European Union, accessed 12 December 2019, from http://www.chinamission.be/eng/more/zbzc/t1109762.htm.
Beckman, Robert and Hao Duy Phan, “Air Defence Identification Zones: Implications for Freedom of Overflight and Maritime Disputes” Internal Workshop, National University of Singapore (November 2014), available from https://cil.nus.edu.sg/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Beckman-Phan-ADIZ-Paper-submitted- [2020, April 15].
Civil Aviation Authority of Thailand, “Information on this eAIP” (24 October 2019) accessed 12 December 2019 from https://aip.caat.or.th/2019-12-05-AIRAC/html/index-en-GB.html?fbclid=IwAR05gtfMDAjsI-qd6RBk8DKCwrSxUlc3XkhphiRpf8Yc5CrjXV7_bftIyrw, sec.8.2.
Federal Aviation Agency, “ENR 1.12 National Security and Interception Procedures”, accessed 18 April 2020, from https://www.faa.gov/air_traffic/publications/atpubs/aip_html/part2_enr_section_1.12.html
International Civil Aviation Organization, Convention on International Civil Aviation. Available from https://www.icao.int/secretariat/legal/List%20of%20Parties/Chicago_EN.pdf. [2020, April 18].
McLaughlin, Elizabeth, “Canadian military aircraft intercept 2 Russian bombers north of Alaska coast,” ABC News (9 August 2019) accessed 12 December 2019, from https://abc7news.com/us-and-canadian-military-aircraft-intercept-2-russian-bombers-north-of-alaska-coast/5453001/.
United Nations Treaties Collection, Law of the Sea. Available from https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetailsIII.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXI-6&chapter=21&Temp=mtdsg3&clang=_en [2020, April 18].
United Nations Treaties Collection, Protocol relating to an amendment to the Convention on International Civil Aviation (Article 3 bis). Available from https://treaties.un.org/Pages/showDetails.aspx?objid=080000028008eb82.
United States, Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, The Commander’s Handbook on the Law of Naval Operations, August 2017 Edition (United States: Department of the Navy, Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, 2017).
US Department of Transportation, The May 11 Incident that Led to the Evacuation of the Us Capitol, White House and Supreme Court, accessed 18 April 2020, from https://www.transportation.gov/testimony/may-11-incident-led-evacuation-us-capitol-white-house-and-supreme-court.