Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Treatment Review
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Abstract
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is characterised by impulsive, hyperactive and inattentive behaviours among children. For decades researchers have attempted to point out the best treatment for this disorder. However, there is no single best treatment available for ADHD. Pharmacological treatment (stimulants and non-stimulants) remain the primary treatment for ADHD. Behavioural treatments such as clinical behavioural psychotherapy and contingency management as well as combination of these treatments with medication have shed some light in treating ADHD. Cognitive behavioural therapy, dietary modification, nutritional supplements, homeopathy and vision therapy have not shown conclusive results. Neuro-feedback, although promising in treating ADHD, needs further research.
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Academic Articles
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References
Abikoff, H. 1991 Cognitive training in ADHD children: less to it than meets the eye. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 24, 205-209.
Accardo, P. 1999 A rational approach to the medical assessment of the child with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Paediatric clinics of North America, 46, 845-856.
Adesman, A. R., and Morgan, A. M. 1999 Management of stimulant medications in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Paediatric clinics of North America, 46, 945-963.
American Psychiatric Association. 2000 Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., text revision). Washington, DC: Author.
Barabasz, M. 1987 Tricotillomania: A new treatment. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 35, 146– 154.
Barbaresi, W. J. 1996 Primary-care approach to the diagnosis and management of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 71, 463-471.
Barkley, R. A. 1987 Defiant children: A clinician’s manual for parent training. New York: Guilford Press. In: Root II, R. W. & Rensick, J. R. (2003). An update on diagnosis and treatment of Attention-Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder in children. Professional Psychology Research and Practice, 34, 30-41.
Barkley, R. A. 1990 Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A handbook for diagnosis and treatment. New York: Guildford. In: Fox, D. J., Tharp, D. F., & Fox, L. C. (2005). Neurofeedback: An alternative and efficacious treatment for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, 30, 365-373.
Barkley, R. A. 1998 Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A handbook of diagnosis and treatment (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford. In: Fox, D. J., Tharp, D. F., & Fox, L. C. (2005). Neurofeedback: An alternative and efficacious treatment for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, 30, 365-373.
Barzman, D. H., Fieler, L., and Sallee, F. R. 2004 Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder diagnosis and treatment separating myth from Substances. The Journal of Legal Medicine, 25, 23–38.
Bennett, F. C., Brown, R. T., Craver, J., and Anderson, D. 1999 Stimulant medication for the child with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Paediatric clinics of North America, 46, 929-944.
Carlson, C. L., Pelham, W. E., Milich, R., et al. 1992 Single and combined effects of methylphenidate and behaviour therapy on the classroom performance of children with ADHD. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 20, 213–232.
Clarke, A. R., Barry, R. J., McCarthy, R., Selikowitz, M., and Brown, C. R. 2002 EEG differences in two subtypes of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Psychophysiology, 38, 212– 221.
Conte, R. 1991 Attention disorders. In B. Wong (Ed.), Learning about learning disabilities. New York: Academic Press. In: Fox, D. J., Tharp, D. F., and Fox, L. C. (2005). Neurofeedback: An alternative and efficacious treatment for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, 30, 365-373.
Dulcan M. 1997 Practice parameters for the assessment and treatment of children, adolescents, and adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 85-121.
Evans, S. W., Serpell, Z. N., Schultz, B. K., and Pastor, D. A. 2007 Cumulative benefits of secondary school-based treatment of students with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. School Psychology Review, 36, 256-273.
Fox, D. J., Tharp, D. F., and Fox, L. C. 2005 Neurofeedback: An alternative and efficacious treatment for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, 30, 365-373.
Fuchs, D., Mock, D., Morgan, P. L., and Young, C. L. 2003 Responsiveness-to-intervention: Definitions, evidence, and implications for the learning disabilities construct. Learning Disabilities Research & Practice, 18, 157–172.
Gaddes, W. H., and Edgell, D. 1994 Learning disabilities and brain function. New York: Springer-Verlag. In: Fox, D. J., Tharp, D. F., & Fox, L. C. (2005). Neurofeedback: An alternative and efficacious treatment for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, 30, 365-373.
Goldman, L. S., Genel, M., Bezman, R. J., Slanetz, P. J. 1998 Diagnosis and treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents. The Journal of American Medical Association, 279, 1100-1107.
Hinshaw, S. P., Heller, T., and McHale, J. P. 1992 Covert antisocial behavior in boys with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: external validation and effects of methylphenidate. Journal of Consultation Clinical Psychology, 60, 274–281.
Hinshaw, S. P., Klein, R. G., and Abikoff, H. 1998 Childhood attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Nonpharmacologic and combination treatments. In: Root II, R. W. & Rensick, J. R. (2003). An update on diagnosis and treatment of Attention-Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder in children. Professional Psychology Research and Practice, 34, 3-41.
Krummel, D. A., Seligson, F. H., and Guthrie, H. A. 1996 Hyperactivity: is candy causal? Critical Review in Food Science and Nutrition, 36, 31-47.
Miller, G. E., & Prinz, R. J. 1990 Enhancement of social learning family interventions for childhood conduct disorder. Psychological Bulletin, 108, 291–307. Monastra,V. J.,
Monastra,D.M., and George, S. 2002 The effects of stimulant therapy, EEG biofeedback, and parenting style on the primary symptoms of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, 27, 231–249.
Pelham, W. E., and Murphy, H. A. 1986 Attention deficit and conduct disorders In: Root II, R. W. & Rensick, J. R. (2003). An update on diagnosis and treatment of Attention-Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder in children. Professional Psychology Research and Practice, 34, 3-41.
Pelham, W. E., and Hinshaw, S. P. 1992 Behavioural intervention for ADHD. In: Root II, R. W. & Rensick, J. R. (2003). An update on diagnosis and treatment of Attention-Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder in children. Professional Psychology Research and Practice, 34, 3-41.
Pelham, W. E., and Gnay, E. M. 1999 Psychosocial and combined treatment for ADHD. Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Review, 5, 225-236.
Pelham, W. E. 2000 Behavioural versus behavioural and pharmacological treatment in ADHD children attending a summer treatment program. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 28, 507–525.
Pelham, W. E., Burrows-MacLean, L., Gnagy, E. M., Fabiano, G. A., Coles, E. K., Tresco, K. E., Chacko, A., Wymbs, B. T., Wienke, A. L., Walker, K. S., and Hoffman, M. T. 2005 Transdermal Methylphenidate, Behavioral, and Combined Treatment for Children With ADHD. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 13, 111-126.
Root II, R. W., and Rensick, J. R. 2003 An update on diagnosis and treatment of Attention-Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder in children. Professional Psychology Research and Practice, 34, 3-41.
Rossieter, T. R., and LaVaque, T. J. 1995 A comparison of EEG biofeedback and psychostimulants in treating attention deficit/hyperactivity disorders. Journal of Neurotherapy, 1, 48–59.
Smucker, W. D., and Hedayat, M. 2001 Evaluation and treatment of ADHD. American Family Physician, 64, 817-829.
Swanson, J., McBurnett, T., Wigal, T., Pfiffner, L., Lerner, M.,
Williams, L., et al. 1993 Effect of stimulant medication on children with attention deficit disorder: A review of reviews. Exceptional Children, 60, 154–162.
Wahler, R. G. 1980 The insular mother: her problems in parent–child treatment. Journal of Applied Behavioural Analysis, 13, 207–219.
Whalen, C. K. 2001 ADHD treatment in the 21st century: Pushing the envelope. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 30, 136–140.
Wolraich, M. L., Lindgren, S. D., Stumbo, P. J., Stegink, L. D., Appelbaum, M. I., Kiritsy, M. C. 1994 Effects of diets high in sucrose or aspartame on the behaviour and cognitive performance of children. The New England journal of medicine, 330, 301-307.
Accardo, P. 1999 A rational approach to the medical assessment of the child with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Paediatric clinics of North America, 46, 845-856.
Adesman, A. R., and Morgan, A. M. 1999 Management of stimulant medications in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Paediatric clinics of North America, 46, 945-963.
American Psychiatric Association. 2000 Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., text revision). Washington, DC: Author.
Barabasz, M. 1987 Tricotillomania: A new treatment. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 35, 146– 154.
Barbaresi, W. J. 1996 Primary-care approach to the diagnosis and management of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 71, 463-471.
Barkley, R. A. 1987 Defiant children: A clinician’s manual for parent training. New York: Guilford Press. In: Root II, R. W. & Rensick, J. R. (2003). An update on diagnosis and treatment of Attention-Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder in children. Professional Psychology Research and Practice, 34, 30-41.
Barkley, R. A. 1990 Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A handbook for diagnosis and treatment. New York: Guildford. In: Fox, D. J., Tharp, D. F., & Fox, L. C. (2005). Neurofeedback: An alternative and efficacious treatment for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, 30, 365-373.
Barkley, R. A. 1998 Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A handbook of diagnosis and treatment (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford. In: Fox, D. J., Tharp, D. F., & Fox, L. C. (2005). Neurofeedback: An alternative and efficacious treatment for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, 30, 365-373.
Barzman, D. H., Fieler, L., and Sallee, F. R. 2004 Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder diagnosis and treatment separating myth from Substances. The Journal of Legal Medicine, 25, 23–38.
Bennett, F. C., Brown, R. T., Craver, J., and Anderson, D. 1999 Stimulant medication for the child with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Paediatric clinics of North America, 46, 929-944.
Carlson, C. L., Pelham, W. E., Milich, R., et al. 1992 Single and combined effects of methylphenidate and behaviour therapy on the classroom performance of children with ADHD. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 20, 213–232.
Clarke, A. R., Barry, R. J., McCarthy, R., Selikowitz, M., and Brown, C. R. 2002 EEG differences in two subtypes of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Psychophysiology, 38, 212– 221.
Conte, R. 1991 Attention disorders. In B. Wong (Ed.), Learning about learning disabilities. New York: Academic Press. In: Fox, D. J., Tharp, D. F., and Fox, L. C. (2005). Neurofeedback: An alternative and efficacious treatment for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, 30, 365-373.
Dulcan M. 1997 Practice parameters for the assessment and treatment of children, adolescents, and adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 85-121.
Evans, S. W., Serpell, Z. N., Schultz, B. K., and Pastor, D. A. 2007 Cumulative benefits of secondary school-based treatment of students with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. School Psychology Review, 36, 256-273.
Fox, D. J., Tharp, D. F., and Fox, L. C. 2005 Neurofeedback: An alternative and efficacious treatment for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, 30, 365-373.
Fuchs, D., Mock, D., Morgan, P. L., and Young, C. L. 2003 Responsiveness-to-intervention: Definitions, evidence, and implications for the learning disabilities construct. Learning Disabilities Research & Practice, 18, 157–172.
Gaddes, W. H., and Edgell, D. 1994 Learning disabilities and brain function. New York: Springer-Verlag. In: Fox, D. J., Tharp, D. F., & Fox, L. C. (2005). Neurofeedback: An alternative and efficacious treatment for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, 30, 365-373.
Goldman, L. S., Genel, M., Bezman, R. J., Slanetz, P. J. 1998 Diagnosis and treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents. The Journal of American Medical Association, 279, 1100-1107.
Hinshaw, S. P., Heller, T., and McHale, J. P. 1992 Covert antisocial behavior in boys with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: external validation and effects of methylphenidate. Journal of Consultation Clinical Psychology, 60, 274–281.
Hinshaw, S. P., Klein, R. G., and Abikoff, H. 1998 Childhood attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Nonpharmacologic and combination treatments. In: Root II, R. W. & Rensick, J. R. (2003). An update on diagnosis and treatment of Attention-Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder in children. Professional Psychology Research and Practice, 34, 3-41.
Krummel, D. A., Seligson, F. H., and Guthrie, H. A. 1996 Hyperactivity: is candy causal? Critical Review in Food Science and Nutrition, 36, 31-47.
Miller, G. E., & Prinz, R. J. 1990 Enhancement of social learning family interventions for childhood conduct disorder. Psychological Bulletin, 108, 291–307. Monastra,V. J.,
Monastra,D.M., and George, S. 2002 The effects of stimulant therapy, EEG biofeedback, and parenting style on the primary symptoms of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, 27, 231–249.
Pelham, W. E., and Murphy, H. A. 1986 Attention deficit and conduct disorders In: Root II, R. W. & Rensick, J. R. (2003). An update on diagnosis and treatment of Attention-Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder in children. Professional Psychology Research and Practice, 34, 3-41.
Pelham, W. E., and Hinshaw, S. P. 1992 Behavioural intervention for ADHD. In: Root II, R. W. & Rensick, J. R. (2003). An update on diagnosis and treatment of Attention-Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder in children. Professional Psychology Research and Practice, 34, 3-41.
Pelham, W. E., and Gnay, E. M. 1999 Psychosocial and combined treatment for ADHD. Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Review, 5, 225-236.
Pelham, W. E. 2000 Behavioural versus behavioural and pharmacological treatment in ADHD children attending a summer treatment program. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 28, 507–525.
Pelham, W. E., Burrows-MacLean, L., Gnagy, E. M., Fabiano, G. A., Coles, E. K., Tresco, K. E., Chacko, A., Wymbs, B. T., Wienke, A. L., Walker, K. S., and Hoffman, M. T. 2005 Transdermal Methylphenidate, Behavioral, and Combined Treatment for Children With ADHD. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 13, 111-126.
Root II, R. W., and Rensick, J. R. 2003 An update on diagnosis and treatment of Attention-Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder in children. Professional Psychology Research and Practice, 34, 3-41.
Rossieter, T. R., and LaVaque, T. J. 1995 A comparison of EEG biofeedback and psychostimulants in treating attention deficit/hyperactivity disorders. Journal of Neurotherapy, 1, 48–59.
Smucker, W. D., and Hedayat, M. 2001 Evaluation and treatment of ADHD. American Family Physician, 64, 817-829.
Swanson, J., McBurnett, T., Wigal, T., Pfiffner, L., Lerner, M.,
Williams, L., et al. 1993 Effect of stimulant medication on children with attention deficit disorder: A review of reviews. Exceptional Children, 60, 154–162.
Wahler, R. G. 1980 The insular mother: her problems in parent–child treatment. Journal of Applied Behavioural Analysis, 13, 207–219.
Whalen, C. K. 2001 ADHD treatment in the 21st century: Pushing the envelope. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 30, 136–140.
Wolraich, M. L., Lindgren, S. D., Stumbo, P. J., Stegink, L. D., Appelbaum, M. I., Kiritsy, M. C. 1994 Effects of diets high in sucrose or aspartame on the behaviour and cognitive performance of children. The New England journal of medicine, 330, 301-307.