Structural Family Counseling Model of Family Relationship, Knowledge, Understanding and Medication Behavior among Schizophrenic Patients in Thailand
Main Article Content
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a chronic mental disease characterized by abnormalities of thinking, emotions, and recognition. It affects overall behavior and personality, impacting all daily life functions, activities, self-care, social obligations, follow-up treatment, adherence to medication behaviors, relapse, and family relationships. Without suitable family structures and mutual support, patients cannot maintain their former lifestyles. Moreover, social oppression often affects family attitudes and relationships, negatively impacting patient well-being. Surely family relationships have a direct influence on the quality of life of schizophrenic patients. Structural family counseling helps schizophrenic patients and their families to achieve better family structures and relationships, helping to resolve problems by taking action to: (1) assess family structure and strengthen family relationships; (2) identify problems and jointly set goals and plans; (3) explain the nature of disease disorders and the proper use of medication; (4) support families in resolving patients' improper medication usage behavior; and (5) develop skills and provide solutions to patients' issues. This counseling will help patients’ family relationships, mutual care, and support of patients and families for better outcomes. In turn, schizophrenic patients in the community will adhere more effectively to proper medication behavior.
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Academic Articles
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References
Adams, J. and Scott, J. (2000). Predicting medication adherence in severe mental disorders. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 101, 119-124.
Addington J., McCleery A., and Addington D. (2005). Three-year outcome of family work in an early psychosis program. Schizophrenia Research, 79(1), 107-116.
Chamroonsawasdi, S. (1993). Effect of Relationship Establishing, Health Teaching and Contracting on Compliance of Schizophrenic Patient in Chiangmai Neuro-Psychiatric Hospital. Thesis for the Degree of Master of Nursing Science program in Mental Health and Psychiatric Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Chiang Mai University.
Chuvanichvongs, S. (2006). Family and Treatment for Psychiatric Patients. Journal of Srithunya Hospital, 3(11).
De leo, D., Cerin, E., Spathonis, K., and Burgis, S. H. (2005). Lifetime risk of suicide ideation and attempts in an Australian community: Prevalence, suicidal process, and help-seeking behavior. Journal of Affective Disorders, 86, 215-224.
Department of Mental Health. (2009). Annual Report. Nonthaburi: Department of Mental Health, Ministry of Public Health, Thailand.
Farragher, B. (1999). Treatment compliance in the mental health service. Irish Medical Journal, 92(6), 1-3.
Forman, L. (1993). Medication: Reasons and Interventions for Noncompliance. Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 31(10), 23-25.
Gillmer, T.P., Dolder, C.R., Lacro, J.P., Folsom, D.P., Lindamer, L., Garcia, P., and Jeste, D.V. (2004). Adherence to treatment with antipsychotic medication and health care costs among Medicaid beneficiaries with schizophrenia. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 161(4), 692-699.
Haynes, R.B., Yao, X., Degani, A., Kripalani, S., Garg, A.X., and McDonald, H.P. (2005). Interventions to enhance medication adherence. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2005 Oct 19; (4): CD 000011.
Hegde S, Rao S L, and Raguram A. (2007). Integrated Psychological Intervention for Schizophrenia. International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation, 11(2), 5-18.
Hou, S. Y., Ke, C. L. K., Su, Y. C., Lung, F. W., and Huang, C. J. (2008). Exploring the burden of the primary family caregivers of schizophrenia patients in Taiwan. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 62(5), 508-514.
Kanthasaibour, P. (2001). An Analysis of Variables Discriminating the Groups of Relapse and NonRelapse Schizophrenia Patients. Thesis for the Degree of Master of Nursing Science Program in Mental Health and Psychiatric Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Chulalongkorn University.
Kayama, M., Zerwekh J., Thornton K. A., and Murashima, S. (2001). Japanese expert public health nurses empower clients with schizophrenia living in the community. Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 39(2), 40-45.
Keawsod, S. (2007). The study of family counseling and psychoeducation program on medication adherence behaviors of schizophrenic patients in Ratchaburi Hospital. Thesis for the Degree of Master of Nursing Science program in Mental Health and Psychiatric Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Chulalongkorn University.
Khongtor, O. (2007). Effects of case management on medication adherence behaviors of schizophrenic patients in community and burden of caregivers. Thesis for the Degree of Master of Nursing Science Program in Mental Health and Psychiatric Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Chulalongkorn University.
Kitaroonchai, W. (2005). Rehospitalization Rates of Schizophrenic Patients Discharged on a Regimen of Atypical Antipsychotics or Conventional Antipsychotics. Journal of Mental Health of Thailand, 13(1), 17-27.
Kittithirasak, P. (2004). Relationships between selected factors and suicidal ideation of persons with HIV/AIDS. Thesis for the Degree of PHD of Nursing Science program in Mental Health and Psychiatric Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Chulalongkorn University.
Kızıltoprak, S (2006). Şizofrenik Hasta Ailelerinde Yapılan Ruhsal Eǧitim Gruplarını Ailelerin Umutsuzluk Düzeylerine Etkisi [The effect of psychological education of schizophrenic patients’ families on the hopelessness level of the family members]. (Yüksek lisans Tezi) İstanbul: Marmara Üniversitesi.
Kumer, S. and Sedgwick, P. (2001a). Can the factors influencing medication compliance reported from Western populations be applied to an eastern Indian context? Journal of Mental Health, 10(3), 267-277.
Kumer, S. and Sedgwick, P. (2001b). Non-compliance to psychotropic medication in Eastern India: Clients perceptive. Part II. Journal of Mental Health, 10(3), 279-284.
Laidlaw, T.M., Coverdale, J.H. Falloon, I.R.H. and Kydd, R.R. (2002). Caregivers stress when living together or apart from patients with chronic schizophrenia. Community Mental Health Journal, 38(4), 303-310.
Li, Z., Xiang, Y., Chen, I., Li, Q., Shen, J., Liu, Y., Li, W., Xing, Q., Wang, Q., Wang, L., Feng, G., He, L., Zhao, X., and Shi, Y (2015). Loci with genome-wide associations with schizophrenia in the Han Chinese population. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 207 (6), 490-494.
Lim, Y.M. and Ahn, Y.H. (2003). Burden of family caregiver with schizophrenic patients in Korea. Applied Nursing Research, 16(2), 110-117. Lortrakul, M. and Sukkanich, P. (2005). Ramathibodi’s Essentials of Psychiatry, 2nd edition. Bangkok: Beyond, Enterprise.
Loukissa, D.A. (1995). Family burden in chronic mental illness of mental health professionals. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 21(2), 248-255.
Luebunthawatchai, O. (2010). Counseling for Health (2nd ed). Bangkok: Printing Office of Chulalongkorn University.
Marder, S. R. (2003). Overview of partial compliance. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 64(suppl 6) 3-9.
Miller, J. F. (1992). Coping with chronic illness: overcoming powerlessness (2nd edition). Philadelphia: F. A. Davis.
Minuchin, S. (1974). Families and Family Therapy. Cambridge : Harvard University Press.
National Health Commission Office of Thailand (2009). Statute on the National Health System of 2009 .Nonthaburi.
National Health Service (NHS) Centre for Reviews and Dissemination (2000). Psychosocial interventions for schizophrenia. Effective Health Care 2000, 6(3), 1-8, York: University of York.
Norton, N., Williams, H.Y., and Owen, M.J. (2006). An update on the genetics of schizophrenia. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 19(2), 158-164.
O’Donnell, C., Donohoe, G., Sharkey, L., Owens, N., Migone, M., Harries, R., Kinsella, A., Larkin, C., and O’Callaghan, E. (2003). Compliance therapy: a randomised controlled trial in schizophrenia. British Medical Journal, 327(13), 834-838.
Oehl, M. ,Hummer, M. and Fleischhacker, W. W. (2000). Compliance with anti-psychotic treatment. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 4th edition. St Louis, Mosby.
Ӧztürk, O. (2008). Ruh Sağlığıve Bozuklukları I (11.Baskı ed.). Tuna Matbaacılik: Ankara.
Pandaeng, P. (2004). The effect of patient and caregiver empowerment on medication adherence behaviors of schizophrenic patients. Thesis for the Degree of Master of Nursing Science program in Mental Health and Psychiatric Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Chulalongkorn University.
Phoomchan, N. (2005). The Study of Schizophrenic Patients and Their Relatives’ Quality of Life; A Case Study of Day Hospital’s Patients. Somdet Chaopraya Institute of Psychiatry. Journal of Mental Health of Thailand.
Prasko, J., Vrbova, K., Latalova, K., and Mainerova, B. (2011). Psychoeducation for psychotic patients. Biomedical Papers of the Medical Faculty of the University Palacký, Olomouc, Czechoslovakia, 155(4), 385-395.
Puengkatesoontorn, N. and Lueboonthavatchai, O. (2011). The effect of family interventions program on burden among family caregivers of schizophrenic patients in community. The Journal of Psychiatric Nursing and Mental Health, 25(2), 51-63.
Pumsrisawas, A. (1998). Mental Health and Psychiatric Nursing; clinical practice guidelines. Bangkok: V.J. Printing.
Putkhao, S. (1998). Factors Affecting Medication Complication in Schizophrenic Patients. Thesis for the Degree of Master of Nursing Science program in Mental Health and Psychiatric Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Chiang Mai University.
Razali, M.S. and Yahya, H. (1995). Compliance with treatment in schizophrenia: a drug intervention Program in a developing country. Acta Psychiatric Scandinavia, 91, 331-335.
Ruengtrakul, S. (2006). Textbook of Psychiatry (7th edition). Bangkok: Ruenkaew Karnpim.
Ruengtrakul, S. (2011). Textbook of Neuropsychiatry. Bangkok: Ruenkaew Karnpim.
Sullivan, G., Wells, K.B., Morgenstern, H. and Leake, B. (1995). Identifying modifiable risk factors for rehospitalization: a case-control study of seriously mentally ill persons in Mississippi. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 152(12) ,1749 – 1756.
Tantipalacheeva, K. (1993). Textbook of Psychiatry of the Psychiatrist Association of Thailand. Bangkok: Thammasat Printing Office.
Thiensan, T. (2013). The effect of family counseling and psychoeducation program on medication adherence behaviors of schizophrenic patients in the community. Thesis for the Degree ofMaster of Nursing Science Program in Mental Health and Psychiatric Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Chulalongkorn University.
Tothong, S. (2005). The effect of family counseling program on quality of life of schizophrenic patients in community. Thesis for the Degree of Master of Nursing Science program in Mental Health and Psychiatric Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Chulalongkorn University.
Trangkasombat, U. (2001). Psycho therapy and family counseling. Bangkok: Research and Developing Family centre.
Udomratana, P. & Vasignanont, S. (2009). Textbook of schizophrenia. Songkhla Province, Thailand; Chanmuang Printing.
Vongsuraprakit, V. (2006). Case management for schizophrenic patients for restraint: a case study. Department of Social Science, Srimahapho Hospital, Department of Mental Health, Ministry of Public Health, Thailand.
World Health Organization (2006). International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (10th Revision); Geneva.
Yılmaz, E and Okanlı, A. (2015). The effect of internalized stigma on the adherence to treatment in patients with schizophrenia. Official Journal of the International Society of Psychiatric-Mental Health Nurses (ISPN), Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 29 (5), 297-301.
Addington J., McCleery A., and Addington D. (2005). Three-year outcome of family work in an early psychosis program. Schizophrenia Research, 79(1), 107-116.
Chamroonsawasdi, S. (1993). Effect of Relationship Establishing, Health Teaching and Contracting on Compliance of Schizophrenic Patient in Chiangmai Neuro-Psychiatric Hospital. Thesis for the Degree of Master of Nursing Science program in Mental Health and Psychiatric Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Chiang Mai University.
Chuvanichvongs, S. (2006). Family and Treatment for Psychiatric Patients. Journal of Srithunya Hospital, 3(11).
De leo, D., Cerin, E., Spathonis, K., and Burgis, S. H. (2005). Lifetime risk of suicide ideation and attempts in an Australian community: Prevalence, suicidal process, and help-seeking behavior. Journal of Affective Disorders, 86, 215-224.
Department of Mental Health. (2009). Annual Report. Nonthaburi: Department of Mental Health, Ministry of Public Health, Thailand.
Farragher, B. (1999). Treatment compliance in the mental health service. Irish Medical Journal, 92(6), 1-3.
Forman, L. (1993). Medication: Reasons and Interventions for Noncompliance. Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 31(10), 23-25.
Gillmer, T.P., Dolder, C.R., Lacro, J.P., Folsom, D.P., Lindamer, L., Garcia, P., and Jeste, D.V. (2004). Adherence to treatment with antipsychotic medication and health care costs among Medicaid beneficiaries with schizophrenia. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 161(4), 692-699.
Haynes, R.B., Yao, X., Degani, A., Kripalani, S., Garg, A.X., and McDonald, H.P. (2005). Interventions to enhance medication adherence. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2005 Oct 19; (4): CD 000011.
Hegde S, Rao S L, and Raguram A. (2007). Integrated Psychological Intervention for Schizophrenia. International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation, 11(2), 5-18.
Hou, S. Y., Ke, C. L. K., Su, Y. C., Lung, F. W., and Huang, C. J. (2008). Exploring the burden of the primary family caregivers of schizophrenia patients in Taiwan. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 62(5), 508-514.
Kanthasaibour, P. (2001). An Analysis of Variables Discriminating the Groups of Relapse and NonRelapse Schizophrenia Patients. Thesis for the Degree of Master of Nursing Science Program in Mental Health and Psychiatric Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Chulalongkorn University.
Kayama, M., Zerwekh J., Thornton K. A., and Murashima, S. (2001). Japanese expert public health nurses empower clients with schizophrenia living in the community. Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 39(2), 40-45.
Keawsod, S. (2007). The study of family counseling and psychoeducation program on medication adherence behaviors of schizophrenic patients in Ratchaburi Hospital. Thesis for the Degree of Master of Nursing Science program in Mental Health and Psychiatric Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Chulalongkorn University.
Khongtor, O. (2007). Effects of case management on medication adherence behaviors of schizophrenic patients in community and burden of caregivers. Thesis for the Degree of Master of Nursing Science Program in Mental Health and Psychiatric Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Chulalongkorn University.
Kitaroonchai, W. (2005). Rehospitalization Rates of Schizophrenic Patients Discharged on a Regimen of Atypical Antipsychotics or Conventional Antipsychotics. Journal of Mental Health of Thailand, 13(1), 17-27.
Kittithirasak, P. (2004). Relationships between selected factors and suicidal ideation of persons with HIV/AIDS. Thesis for the Degree of PHD of Nursing Science program in Mental Health and Psychiatric Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Chulalongkorn University.
Kızıltoprak, S (2006). Şizofrenik Hasta Ailelerinde Yapılan Ruhsal Eǧitim Gruplarını Ailelerin Umutsuzluk Düzeylerine Etkisi [The effect of psychological education of schizophrenic patients’ families on the hopelessness level of the family members]. (Yüksek lisans Tezi) İstanbul: Marmara Üniversitesi.
Kumer, S. and Sedgwick, P. (2001a). Can the factors influencing medication compliance reported from Western populations be applied to an eastern Indian context? Journal of Mental Health, 10(3), 267-277.
Kumer, S. and Sedgwick, P. (2001b). Non-compliance to psychotropic medication in Eastern India: Clients perceptive. Part II. Journal of Mental Health, 10(3), 279-284.
Laidlaw, T.M., Coverdale, J.H. Falloon, I.R.H. and Kydd, R.R. (2002). Caregivers stress when living together or apart from patients with chronic schizophrenia. Community Mental Health Journal, 38(4), 303-310.
Li, Z., Xiang, Y., Chen, I., Li, Q., Shen, J., Liu, Y., Li, W., Xing, Q., Wang, Q., Wang, L., Feng, G., He, L., Zhao, X., and Shi, Y (2015). Loci with genome-wide associations with schizophrenia in the Han Chinese population. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 207 (6), 490-494.
Lim, Y.M. and Ahn, Y.H. (2003). Burden of family caregiver with schizophrenic patients in Korea. Applied Nursing Research, 16(2), 110-117. Lortrakul, M. and Sukkanich, P. (2005). Ramathibodi’s Essentials of Psychiatry, 2nd edition. Bangkok: Beyond, Enterprise.
Loukissa, D.A. (1995). Family burden in chronic mental illness of mental health professionals. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 21(2), 248-255.
Luebunthawatchai, O. (2010). Counseling for Health (2nd ed). Bangkok: Printing Office of Chulalongkorn University.
Marder, S. R. (2003). Overview of partial compliance. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 64(suppl 6) 3-9.
Miller, J. F. (1992). Coping with chronic illness: overcoming powerlessness (2nd edition). Philadelphia: F. A. Davis.
Minuchin, S. (1974). Families and Family Therapy. Cambridge : Harvard University Press.
National Health Commission Office of Thailand (2009). Statute on the National Health System of 2009 .Nonthaburi.
National Health Service (NHS) Centre for Reviews and Dissemination (2000). Psychosocial interventions for schizophrenia. Effective Health Care 2000, 6(3), 1-8, York: University of York.
Norton, N., Williams, H.Y., and Owen, M.J. (2006). An update on the genetics of schizophrenia. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 19(2), 158-164.
O’Donnell, C., Donohoe, G., Sharkey, L., Owens, N., Migone, M., Harries, R., Kinsella, A., Larkin, C., and O’Callaghan, E. (2003). Compliance therapy: a randomised controlled trial in schizophrenia. British Medical Journal, 327(13), 834-838.
Oehl, M. ,Hummer, M. and Fleischhacker, W. W. (2000). Compliance with anti-psychotic treatment. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 4th edition. St Louis, Mosby.
Ӧztürk, O. (2008). Ruh Sağlığıve Bozuklukları I (11.Baskı ed.). Tuna Matbaacılik: Ankara.
Pandaeng, P. (2004). The effect of patient and caregiver empowerment on medication adherence behaviors of schizophrenic patients. Thesis for the Degree of Master of Nursing Science program in Mental Health and Psychiatric Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Chulalongkorn University.
Phoomchan, N. (2005). The Study of Schizophrenic Patients and Their Relatives’ Quality of Life; A Case Study of Day Hospital’s Patients. Somdet Chaopraya Institute of Psychiatry. Journal of Mental Health of Thailand.
Prasko, J., Vrbova, K., Latalova, K., and Mainerova, B. (2011). Psychoeducation for psychotic patients. Biomedical Papers of the Medical Faculty of the University Palacký, Olomouc, Czechoslovakia, 155(4), 385-395.
Puengkatesoontorn, N. and Lueboonthavatchai, O. (2011). The effect of family interventions program on burden among family caregivers of schizophrenic patients in community. The Journal of Psychiatric Nursing and Mental Health, 25(2), 51-63.
Pumsrisawas, A. (1998). Mental Health and Psychiatric Nursing; clinical practice guidelines. Bangkok: V.J. Printing.
Putkhao, S. (1998). Factors Affecting Medication Complication in Schizophrenic Patients. Thesis for the Degree of Master of Nursing Science program in Mental Health and Psychiatric Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Chiang Mai University.
Razali, M.S. and Yahya, H. (1995). Compliance with treatment in schizophrenia: a drug intervention Program in a developing country. Acta Psychiatric Scandinavia, 91, 331-335.
Ruengtrakul, S. (2006). Textbook of Psychiatry (7th edition). Bangkok: Ruenkaew Karnpim.
Ruengtrakul, S. (2011). Textbook of Neuropsychiatry. Bangkok: Ruenkaew Karnpim.
Sullivan, G., Wells, K.B., Morgenstern, H. and Leake, B. (1995). Identifying modifiable risk factors for rehospitalization: a case-control study of seriously mentally ill persons in Mississippi. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 152(12) ,1749 – 1756.
Tantipalacheeva, K. (1993). Textbook of Psychiatry of the Psychiatrist Association of Thailand. Bangkok: Thammasat Printing Office.
Thiensan, T. (2013). The effect of family counseling and psychoeducation program on medication adherence behaviors of schizophrenic patients in the community. Thesis for the Degree ofMaster of Nursing Science Program in Mental Health and Psychiatric Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Chulalongkorn University.
Tothong, S. (2005). The effect of family counseling program on quality of life of schizophrenic patients in community. Thesis for the Degree of Master of Nursing Science program in Mental Health and Psychiatric Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Chulalongkorn University.
Trangkasombat, U. (2001). Psycho therapy and family counseling. Bangkok: Research and Developing Family centre.
Udomratana, P. & Vasignanont, S. (2009). Textbook of schizophrenia. Songkhla Province, Thailand; Chanmuang Printing.
Vongsuraprakit, V. (2006). Case management for schizophrenic patients for restraint: a case study. Department of Social Science, Srimahapho Hospital, Department of Mental Health, Ministry of Public Health, Thailand.
World Health Organization (2006). International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (10th Revision); Geneva.
Yılmaz, E and Okanlı, A. (2015). The effect of internalized stigma on the adherence to treatment in patients with schizophrenia. Official Journal of the International Society of Psychiatric-Mental Health Nurses (ISPN), Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 29 (5), 297-301.