Developing Measurement of Intellectual Capital in SMEs Food Industry in Thailand
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Published:
Jun 30, 2019
Keywords:
Intellectual Capital Human Capital Structural Capital Exploratory Factor Analysis
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Abstract
This research aims to develop an instrument for measuring intellectual capital in small and medium enterprises in food sector in Thailand. 269 samples were small and medium enterprises in food sector in Thailand. Questionnaire used for collecting information, to developing the instrument for measuring intellectual capital. We used exploratory factor analysis (EFA), by principal components analysis method (PCA) to find the relationship between variables with Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO), communality, eigenvalues, factor extraction, varimax factor rotation method, and factor score were used to find the perfect component. It was found that, the scale for measuring intellectual capital of small and medium enterprises in food industry in Thailand consists of two components, human capital and structural capital. Human capital is composed of (1) employee’s attitudes, and (2) employee’s skill. While the structural capital is composed of three components: (1) the organizational structure, (2) the organizational explicit knowledge, and (3) the physical structure of the organization.
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References
กัลยา วานิชย์บัญชา. (2556). การวิเคราะห์สมการโครงสร้าง (SEM) ด้วย AMOS. กรุงเทพฯ: ห้างหุ้นส่วนจำกัดสามลดา.
ยุทธ ไกยวรรณ์. (2556). การวิเคราะห์โมเดลสมการโครงสร้างด้วย AMOS. กรุงเทพฯ: สำนักพิมพ์แห่งจุฬาลงกรณ์มหาวิทยาลัย.
โยธิน แสวงดี. (2561). ประชากร การคำนวณขนาด ตัวอย่าง และวิธีการสุ่มตัวอย่าง [เอกสารประกอบการบรรยาย]. สืบค้นจาก http://slideplayer.in.th/slide/2125398/
สำนักงานส่งเสริมวิสาหกิจขนาดกลางและขนาดย่อม. (2559). รายงานสถานการณ์วิสาหกิจขนาดกลางและขนาดย่อม ปี 2559. กรุงเทพฯ: กระทรวงอุตสาหกรรม.
อุทัยทิพย์ เจี่ยวิวรรธน์กุล. (2561). วิธีการสุ่มตัวอย่างการวิจัย [เอกสารประกอบคำบรรยาย]. สืบค้นจาก http://rlc.nrct.go.th/ewt_dl.php?nid=648
Aramburu, N., Sáenz, J., & Blanco, C. (2015). Structural capital, innovation capability, and company performance in technology-based colombian firms. Cuadernos de Gestion, 15(1), 39-60.
Barney, J. (1991). Firm Resources and Sustained Competitive Advantage. Journal of Management, 17(1), 99.
Bontis, N. (1998). Intellectual capital: An exploratory study that develops measures and models. Management Decision, 36(2), 63-76.
Bontis, N. (1999). Managing organizational knowledge by diagnosing intellectual capital: framing and advancing the state of the field. International Journal of Technology Management, 18(5-8), 433-462.
Brooking, A. (1997). The management of intellectual capital. Long Range Planning, 3(30), 364-365.
Cater, T., & Cater, B. (2009). (In) Tangible resources as antecedents of a company's competitive advantage and performance. Journal for East European Management Studies, 14(2), 186-209.
Collis, D. J., & Montgomery, C. A. (1995). Competing on resources: Strategy in the 1990s. In H. Z. Michael, (Ed.), Knowledge and Strategy (pp. 25-40). London: Routledge.
Cross, R., & Baird, L. (2000). Technology is not enough: Improving performance by building organizational memory. MIT Sloan Management Review, 41(3), 69.
Edvinsson, L. (1997). Developing intellectual capital at Skandia. Long Range Planning, 30(3), 320-373.
Edvinsson, L., & Malone, M. S. (1997). Intellectual capital: Realizing your company's true value by finding Its hidden brainpower. New York, NY: Harper Collins.
Edvinsson, L., & Sullivan, P. (1996). Developing a model for managing intellectual capital. European Management Journal, 14(4), 356-364.
Grant, R. M. (1996). Toward a knowledge-based theory of the firm. Strategic Management Journal, 17(S2), 109-122.
Hall, R. (1992). The strategic analysis of intangible resources. Strategic Management Journal, 13(2), 135-144.
Hormiga, E., Batista-Canino, R., & Sánchez-Medina, A. (2011). The role of intellectual capital in the success of new ventures. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 7(1), 71-92.
Hsu, Y., & Fang, W. (2009). Intellectual capital and new product development performance: The mediating role of organizational learning capability. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 76(5), 664.
Huang, H. C., Lai, M. C., & Lin, T. H. (2011). Aligning intangible assets to innovation in biopharmaceutical industry. Expert Systems with Applications, 38(4), 3827-3834.
Kianto, A., Hurmelinna-Laukkanen, P., & Ritala, P. (2010). Intellectual capital in service-and product-oriented companies. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 11(3), 305-325.
Klein, D. A., & Prusak, L. (1994). Characterizing intellectual capital [Working paper]. Center for Business Innovation, Ernst & Young LLP.
Lee, J. Y. (2011). Incremental Innovation and Radical Innovation: The Impacts of Human, Structural, Social, and Relational Capital Elements. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation), Michigan State University.
Lev, B. (2001). Intangibles: Management, measurement, and reporting. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.
Ling, Y. H. (2013). The influence of intellectual capital on organizational performance-Knowledge management as moderator. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 30(3), 937-964.
Longo, M., & Mura, M. (2011). The effect of intellectual capital on employees’ satisfaction and retention. Information & Management, 48(7), 278-287.
Maes, J., & Sels, L. (2014). SMEs' radical product innovation: The role of internally and externally oriented knowledge capabilities. Journal of Small Business Management, 52(1), 141-163.
Mahoney, J. T., & Pandian, J. R. (1992). The resource-based view within the conversation of strategic management. Strategic Management Journal, 13(5), 363-380.
Marr, B. (2006). Strategic performance management: Leveraging and measuring your intangible value drivers. Strategic Direction, 24(1).
Marr, B., Schiuma, G., & Neely, A. (2004). The dynamics of value creation: mapping your intellectual performance drivers. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 5(2), 312-325.
Nahapiet, J., & Ghoshal, S. (1998). Social capital, intellectual capital, and the organizational advantage. Academy of Management Review, 23(2), 242-266.
Nonaka, I., & Takeuchi, H. (1995). The knowledge-creating company: How Japanese companies create the dynamics of innovation. Oxford university press.
Omerzel, D. G., Biloslavo, R., Trnavčevič, A., & Trnavčevič, A. (2011). Knowledge management and organisational culture in higher education institutions. Journal for East European Management Studies, 16(2), 111-139.
Peteraf, M. A. (1993). The cornerstones of competitive advantage: a resource‐based view. Strategic Management Journal, 14(3), 179-191.
Ployhart, R. E., Van Iddekinge, C. H., & MacKenzie, W. I. (2011). Acquiring and developing human capital in service contexts: The interconnectedness of human capital resources. Academy of Management Journal, 54(2), 353-368.
Porter, M. E. (1990). The competitive advantage of Nations. Harvard Business Review, 68(2), 73-93.
Roos, J., Edvinsson, L., & Roos, G. (1998). Intellectual capital: Navigating in the new business landscape. New York University Press.
Rovinelli, R. J., & Hambleton, R. K. (1977). On the use of content specialists in the assessment of criterion-referenced test item validity. Dutch Journal of Educational Research, 2, 49-60.
Santos-Rodrigues, H., Faria, J., Morais, C., & Cranfield, D. (2013). Intellectual capital and innovation: A hospital case study. In Garcia L., Rodriguez-Castellanos A., & Barrutia-Guenaga J., (Eds), Proceedings of the 5th European Conference on Intellectual Capital: Vol. 2. (p. 376). Bilbao, Spain: University of Basque Country.
Savage, M., Warde, A., & Devine, F. (2005). Capitals, assets, and resources: some critical issues1. The British Journal of Sociology, 56(1), 31-47.
Sivalogathasan, V., & Wu, X. (2015). Impact of organization motivation on intellectual capital and innovation capability of the textile and apparel industry in Sri Lanka. International Journal of Innovation Science, 7(2), 153-168.
Steward, T. A. (1997). Intellectual capital. New York: Doubleday-Currency.
Subramaniam, M., & Youndt, M. A. (2005). The influence of intellectual capital on the types of innovative capabilities. Academy of Management Journal, 48(3), 450-463.
Sveiby, K. E. (1997). The new organizational wealth: Managing & measuring knowledge-based assets. Oakland, CA: Berrett-Koehler Publishers.
Swart, J., (2006). Intellectual capital: disentangling an enigmatic concept. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 7(2), 136-159.
Sydler, R., Haefliger, S., & Pruksa, R. (2014). Measuring intellectual capital with financial figures: Can we predict firm profitability?. European Management Journal, 32(2), 244-259.
Tseng, C. Y., & James Goo, Y. J. (2005). Intellectual capital and corporate value in an emerging economy: empirical study of Taiwanese manufacturers. R&D Management, 35(2), 187-201.
Wang, H. C., He, J., & Mahoney, J. T. (2009). Firm‐specific knowledge resources and competitive advantage: the roles of economic‐and relationship‐based employee governance mechanisms. Strategic Management Journal, 30(12), 1265-1285.
Wernerfelt, B. (1984). A resource-based view of the firm. Strategic Management Journal, 5(2), 171-180.
Wolff, J. A., & Pett, T. L. (2006). Small-firm performance: Modeling the role of product and process improvements. Journal of Small Business Management, 44(2), 268-284.
Yang, C. C., & Lin, C. Y. Y. (2009). Does intellectual capital mediate the relationship between HRM and organizational performance? Perspective of a healthcare industry in Taiwan. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 20(9), 1965-1984.
Yitmen, I. (2011). Intellectual capital: A competitive asset for driving innovation in engineering design firms. Engineering Management Journal, 23(2), 3-19.
Youndt, M. A., & Snell, S. A. (2004). Human resource configurations, intellectual capital, and organizational performance. Journal of Managerial Issues, 16(3), 337-360.
Zahra, S. A., & Das, S. R. (1993). Innovation strategy and financial performance in manufacturing companies: An empirical study. Production and operations management, 2(1), 15-37.
Translated Thai references
Jiawiwatkul, U. (2018). Withikan sumtuayang kanwichai [Sampling Method for Research] [Lecture notes]. Retrieved from http://rlc.nrct.go.th/ewt_ dl.php?nid=648.
Kriwan Y. (2013). Kan wikhro̜ moden samakan khrongsang duai AMOS [Analysis of structural equation model with AMOS]. Bangkok: Chulapress.
Office of Small and Medium Enterprises Promotion (OSMEP). (2016). Raingan sathanakan wisahakit khanat klang læ khanat yo̜m pi so̜ngphanharo̜ihasipkao [Annual Report 2016]. Bangkok: Ministry of Industry.
Sawangdee, Y. (2018). Prachako̜n kan khamnuan khanat tuayang læ withikan sumtuayang [Population Sample Size Method and Sampling Method] [Lecture notes]. Retrieved from http://slideplayer.in.th/slide/2125398/.
Vanichbuncha, K. (2013). Kan wikhro̜ samakan khrongsang (SEM) duai AMOS [Data analysis using SPSS for Windows]. Bangkok: Thammasan.
ยุทธ ไกยวรรณ์. (2556). การวิเคราะห์โมเดลสมการโครงสร้างด้วย AMOS. กรุงเทพฯ: สำนักพิมพ์แห่งจุฬาลงกรณ์มหาวิทยาลัย.
โยธิน แสวงดี. (2561). ประชากร การคำนวณขนาด ตัวอย่าง และวิธีการสุ่มตัวอย่าง [เอกสารประกอบการบรรยาย]. สืบค้นจาก http://slideplayer.in.th/slide/2125398/
สำนักงานส่งเสริมวิสาหกิจขนาดกลางและขนาดย่อม. (2559). รายงานสถานการณ์วิสาหกิจขนาดกลางและขนาดย่อม ปี 2559. กรุงเทพฯ: กระทรวงอุตสาหกรรม.
อุทัยทิพย์ เจี่ยวิวรรธน์กุล. (2561). วิธีการสุ่มตัวอย่างการวิจัย [เอกสารประกอบคำบรรยาย]. สืบค้นจาก http://rlc.nrct.go.th/ewt_dl.php?nid=648
Aramburu, N., Sáenz, J., & Blanco, C. (2015). Structural capital, innovation capability, and company performance in technology-based colombian firms. Cuadernos de Gestion, 15(1), 39-60.
Barney, J. (1991). Firm Resources and Sustained Competitive Advantage. Journal of Management, 17(1), 99.
Bontis, N. (1998). Intellectual capital: An exploratory study that develops measures and models. Management Decision, 36(2), 63-76.
Bontis, N. (1999). Managing organizational knowledge by diagnosing intellectual capital: framing and advancing the state of the field. International Journal of Technology Management, 18(5-8), 433-462.
Brooking, A. (1997). The management of intellectual capital. Long Range Planning, 3(30), 364-365.
Cater, T., & Cater, B. (2009). (In) Tangible resources as antecedents of a company's competitive advantage and performance. Journal for East European Management Studies, 14(2), 186-209.
Collis, D. J., & Montgomery, C. A. (1995). Competing on resources: Strategy in the 1990s. In H. Z. Michael, (Ed.), Knowledge and Strategy (pp. 25-40). London: Routledge.
Cross, R., & Baird, L. (2000). Technology is not enough: Improving performance by building organizational memory. MIT Sloan Management Review, 41(3), 69.
Edvinsson, L. (1997). Developing intellectual capital at Skandia. Long Range Planning, 30(3), 320-373.
Edvinsson, L., & Malone, M. S. (1997). Intellectual capital: Realizing your company's true value by finding Its hidden brainpower. New York, NY: Harper Collins.
Edvinsson, L., & Sullivan, P. (1996). Developing a model for managing intellectual capital. European Management Journal, 14(4), 356-364.
Grant, R. M. (1996). Toward a knowledge-based theory of the firm. Strategic Management Journal, 17(S2), 109-122.
Hall, R. (1992). The strategic analysis of intangible resources. Strategic Management Journal, 13(2), 135-144.
Hormiga, E., Batista-Canino, R., & Sánchez-Medina, A. (2011). The role of intellectual capital in the success of new ventures. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 7(1), 71-92.
Hsu, Y., & Fang, W. (2009). Intellectual capital and new product development performance: The mediating role of organizational learning capability. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 76(5), 664.
Huang, H. C., Lai, M. C., & Lin, T. H. (2011). Aligning intangible assets to innovation in biopharmaceutical industry. Expert Systems with Applications, 38(4), 3827-3834.
Kianto, A., Hurmelinna-Laukkanen, P., & Ritala, P. (2010). Intellectual capital in service-and product-oriented companies. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 11(3), 305-325.
Klein, D. A., & Prusak, L. (1994). Characterizing intellectual capital [Working paper]. Center for Business Innovation, Ernst & Young LLP.
Lee, J. Y. (2011). Incremental Innovation and Radical Innovation: The Impacts of Human, Structural, Social, and Relational Capital Elements. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation), Michigan State University.
Lev, B. (2001). Intangibles: Management, measurement, and reporting. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.
Ling, Y. H. (2013). The influence of intellectual capital on organizational performance-Knowledge management as moderator. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 30(3), 937-964.
Longo, M., & Mura, M. (2011). The effect of intellectual capital on employees’ satisfaction and retention. Information & Management, 48(7), 278-287.
Maes, J., & Sels, L. (2014). SMEs' radical product innovation: The role of internally and externally oriented knowledge capabilities. Journal of Small Business Management, 52(1), 141-163.
Mahoney, J. T., & Pandian, J. R. (1992). The resource-based view within the conversation of strategic management. Strategic Management Journal, 13(5), 363-380.
Marr, B. (2006). Strategic performance management: Leveraging and measuring your intangible value drivers. Strategic Direction, 24(1).
Marr, B., Schiuma, G., & Neely, A. (2004). The dynamics of value creation: mapping your intellectual performance drivers. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 5(2), 312-325.
Nahapiet, J., & Ghoshal, S. (1998). Social capital, intellectual capital, and the organizational advantage. Academy of Management Review, 23(2), 242-266.
Nonaka, I., & Takeuchi, H. (1995). The knowledge-creating company: How Japanese companies create the dynamics of innovation. Oxford university press.
Omerzel, D. G., Biloslavo, R., Trnavčevič, A., & Trnavčevič, A. (2011). Knowledge management and organisational culture in higher education institutions. Journal for East European Management Studies, 16(2), 111-139.
Peteraf, M. A. (1993). The cornerstones of competitive advantage: a resource‐based view. Strategic Management Journal, 14(3), 179-191.
Ployhart, R. E., Van Iddekinge, C. H., & MacKenzie, W. I. (2011). Acquiring and developing human capital in service contexts: The interconnectedness of human capital resources. Academy of Management Journal, 54(2), 353-368.
Porter, M. E. (1990). The competitive advantage of Nations. Harvard Business Review, 68(2), 73-93.
Roos, J., Edvinsson, L., & Roos, G. (1998). Intellectual capital: Navigating in the new business landscape. New York University Press.
Rovinelli, R. J., & Hambleton, R. K. (1977). On the use of content specialists in the assessment of criterion-referenced test item validity. Dutch Journal of Educational Research, 2, 49-60.
Santos-Rodrigues, H., Faria, J., Morais, C., & Cranfield, D. (2013). Intellectual capital and innovation: A hospital case study. In Garcia L., Rodriguez-Castellanos A., & Barrutia-Guenaga J., (Eds), Proceedings of the 5th European Conference on Intellectual Capital: Vol. 2. (p. 376). Bilbao, Spain: University of Basque Country.
Savage, M., Warde, A., & Devine, F. (2005). Capitals, assets, and resources: some critical issues1. The British Journal of Sociology, 56(1), 31-47.
Sivalogathasan, V., & Wu, X. (2015). Impact of organization motivation on intellectual capital and innovation capability of the textile and apparel industry in Sri Lanka. International Journal of Innovation Science, 7(2), 153-168.
Steward, T. A. (1997). Intellectual capital. New York: Doubleday-Currency.
Subramaniam, M., & Youndt, M. A. (2005). The influence of intellectual capital on the types of innovative capabilities. Academy of Management Journal, 48(3), 450-463.
Sveiby, K. E. (1997). The new organizational wealth: Managing & measuring knowledge-based assets. Oakland, CA: Berrett-Koehler Publishers.
Swart, J., (2006). Intellectual capital: disentangling an enigmatic concept. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 7(2), 136-159.
Sydler, R., Haefliger, S., & Pruksa, R. (2014). Measuring intellectual capital with financial figures: Can we predict firm profitability?. European Management Journal, 32(2), 244-259.
Tseng, C. Y., & James Goo, Y. J. (2005). Intellectual capital and corporate value in an emerging economy: empirical study of Taiwanese manufacturers. R&D Management, 35(2), 187-201.
Wang, H. C., He, J., & Mahoney, J. T. (2009). Firm‐specific knowledge resources and competitive advantage: the roles of economic‐and relationship‐based employee governance mechanisms. Strategic Management Journal, 30(12), 1265-1285.
Wernerfelt, B. (1984). A resource-based view of the firm. Strategic Management Journal, 5(2), 171-180.
Wolff, J. A., & Pett, T. L. (2006). Small-firm performance: Modeling the role of product and process improvements. Journal of Small Business Management, 44(2), 268-284.
Yang, C. C., & Lin, C. Y. Y. (2009). Does intellectual capital mediate the relationship between HRM and organizational performance? Perspective of a healthcare industry in Taiwan. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 20(9), 1965-1984.
Yitmen, I. (2011). Intellectual capital: A competitive asset for driving innovation in engineering design firms. Engineering Management Journal, 23(2), 3-19.
Youndt, M. A., & Snell, S. A. (2004). Human resource configurations, intellectual capital, and organizational performance. Journal of Managerial Issues, 16(3), 337-360.
Zahra, S. A., & Das, S. R. (1993). Innovation strategy and financial performance in manufacturing companies: An empirical study. Production and operations management, 2(1), 15-37.
Translated Thai references
Jiawiwatkul, U. (2018). Withikan sumtuayang kanwichai [Sampling Method for Research] [Lecture notes]. Retrieved from http://rlc.nrct.go.th/ewt_ dl.php?nid=648.
Kriwan Y. (2013). Kan wikhro̜ moden samakan khrongsang duai AMOS [Analysis of structural equation model with AMOS]. Bangkok: Chulapress.
Office of Small and Medium Enterprises Promotion (OSMEP). (2016). Raingan sathanakan wisahakit khanat klang læ khanat yo̜m pi so̜ngphanharo̜ihasipkao [Annual Report 2016]. Bangkok: Ministry of Industry.
Sawangdee, Y. (2018). Prachako̜n kan khamnuan khanat tuayang læ withikan sumtuayang [Population Sample Size Method and Sampling Method] [Lecture notes]. Retrieved from http://slideplayer.in.th/slide/2125398/.
Vanichbuncha, K. (2013). Kan wikhro̜ samakan khrongsang (SEM) duai AMOS [Data analysis using SPSS for Windows]. Bangkok: Thammasan.