Operational Competencies for the National Office of Buddhism
Main Article Content
Abstract
The National Office of Buddhism (NOB) has faced challenges due to the lack of effective performance indicators and stakeholder engagement, particularly from the Sangha and religious academics, and its goal has still been unachievable. This study aimed to develop operational competency indicators using a mixed-methods approach. The qualitative data and expert consensus were synthesized using the Delphi technique for the establishment of competency components and indicators. The model structure was analyzed for its validity using Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) with a sample of 418 civil servants.
The results proposed a five-key operational competency model, which included: competency in Knowledge of Buddhism, which was a crucial functional competency; Language and Communication skills; Organizational Problem-Solving skills; Essential Planning Skills; and Digital Technology skills, which were general competencies essential for modern public sector organizations. The result indicated the good fit of the model with the empirical data (χ²/df = 1.137, p-value = .089, CFI = .998, RMSEA = .018). Problem-solving skills were the most important (β = .954), showing the alignment with the current situation. The developed model is suitable as a framework for enhancing personnel efficiency and organizational competency of the NOB.
Article Details

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
1) The content of article in HROD journal is the author’s wholly responsibility to research, analyze, summarize, compile, and reference data. The editorial department will not be responsible in anyway.
2) The submitted articles in HROD journal must be unpublished before and must not be currently under consideration for publication elsewhere. If it is detected for its repetition, the author must be responsible for infringement of copyright.
3) Authors will be asked to transfer copyright of the article to the Publisher. The article is prohibited to reproduce all or part of the text, unless allowed.
References
Bobko, P., Roth, P. L., & Buster, M. A. (2007). The usefulness of unit weights in creating composite scores: A literature review, application to content validity, and meta-analysis. Organizational Research Methods, 10(4), 689–709. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428106294734
Campion, M. A., Fink, A. A., Ruggeberg, B. J., Carr, L., Phillips, G. M., & Odman, R. B. (2011). Doing competencies well: Best practices in competency modeling. Personnel Psychology, 64(1), 225–262. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2010.01207.x
Chakbodin, P. Y. (2014). Organization development of Thai Sangha in the age of globalization. NIDA Case Research Journal, 6(1), 137–151. https://so04.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/NCRJ/article/view/27705
Cheung, G. W., Cooper-Thomas, H. D., Lau, R. S., & Wang, L. C. (2024). Reporting reliability, convergent and discriminant validity with structural equation modeling: A review and best-practice recommendations. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 41, 745–783. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10490-023-09871-y
Chula Unisearch. (2017). Project for the preparation of the 20-year strategic plan for the National Office of Buddhism: Phase 1 (B.E. 2560–2564). https://plg.onab.go.th/th/file/get/file/20220128d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e114718.pdf
Cochran, G. R. (2009). Ohio State University Extension competency study: Developing a competency model for a 21st century extension organization [Doctoral dissertation, Ohio State University]. OhioLINK Electronic Theses and Dissertations Center. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1243620503
Duangjan, W. (2016). Provincial Office of Buddhism’s administration under insurgent situation in the Southern border provinces of Thailand: A case study of Pattani province [Independent study, Thammasat University]. Thammasat University Digital Collections. https://digital.library.tu.ac.th/tu_dc/frontend/Info/item/dc:90021
Dubus, A. (2018). Buddhism and politics in Thailand. Institut de recherche sur l’Asie du Sud-Est contemporaine. https://doi.org/10.4000/books.irasec.2951
Guvendir, M. A., & Ozkan, Y. O. (2022). Item removal strategies conducted in exploratory factor analysis: A comparative study. International Journal of Assessment Tools in Education, 9(1), 165–180. https://doi.org/10.21449/ijate.827950
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2019). Multivariate data analysis (8th ed.). Cengage Learning.
Hashemian, M., Zare-Farashbandi, F., Yamani, N., Rahimi, A., & Adibi, P. (2021). A core competency model for clinical informationists. Journal of the Medical Library Association, 109(1), 33–43. https://doi.org/10.5195/jmla.2021.1065
Jarupoom, A. (2016). A study of information technology competency for government readiness on digital economy: Case study at Information and Communication Technology Centre, Office of the Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Finance [Independent study, Thammasat University]. Thammasat University Digital Collections.
Jiang, X., Ding, Z., Wang, F., Wang, Z., Wang, W., Xing, Y., Su, Y., & Tang, L. (2023). Construction of a competency framework of dental hygienists: A Delphi study. Nurse Education in Practice, 70, 103692. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nepr.2023.103692
Jitaram, P. (2020). Development of competency indicators for problem solving skill among community public health officers. Academic Journal of Comminuty Public Health, 6(1), 84–99. https://he02.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/ajcph/article/view/247336
Jonassen, D. H. (2000). Toward a design theory of problem solving. Educational Technology Research and Development, 48(4), 63–85. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02300500
Kalogiannidis, S. (2020). Impact of effective business communication on employee performance. European Journal of Business and Management Research, 5(6). https://doi.org/10.24018/ejbmr.2020.5.6.631
Keyton, J. (2017). Communication in organizations. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 4(1), 501–526. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-032516-113341
Koontorn, P. (2018). Development of personnel competencies in supporting the government system 4.0 [Master’s thesis, Thammasat University]. Thammasat University Digital Collections. https://digital.library.tu.ac.th/tu_dc/frontend/Info/item/dc:166483
Mahimuang, S. (2005). A study of management competencies of top executives in public and private sector organizations [Master’s thesis, Suan Sunandha Rajabhat University]. Suan Sunandha Rajabhat University.
McClelland, D. C. (1973). Testing for competence rather than for intelligence. American Psychologist, 28(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0034092
Meehanpong, P., & Chatdokmaiprai, K. (2018). Assessing quality of research instrument in nursing research. Journal of The Royal Thai Army Nurses, 19(1), 9–15. https://he01.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/JRTAN/article/view/121885
Ramírez Molina, R. I., Páez Puerta, L. C., Vera Arenas, A. V., & El Kadi, O. (2022). Classification of competences according to their difficulty in detecting human talent. Revista Científica Global Negotium, 5(2), 88–105. https://doi.org/10.53485/rgn.v5i2.242
Moragran, S. (2018). Guideline for develop performance to increase work efficiency for non-commissioned soldiers: Case study of psychology department of civil affairs, and military [Independent study, Thammasat University]. Thammasat University Digital Collections. https://digital.library.tu.ac.th/tu_dc/frontend/Info/item/dc:168555
Mumford, M. D., Zaccaro, S. J., Harding, F. D., Jacobs, T. O., & Fleishman, E. A. (2000). Leadership skills for a changing world: Solving complex social problems. The Leadership Quarterly, 11(1), 11–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1048-9843(99)00041-7
National Office of Buddhism. (2021). Annual report 2021. https://onab.go.th/th/content/category/detail/id/482/iid/34587
Niljaeng, N., & Pruetipibultham, O. (2018). An examination of the relationships of global leadership competency, trust in leader, and team process effectiveness in Thailand. Human Resource and Organization Development Journal, 10(1), 1–33. https://so01.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/HRODJ/article/view/133408
Office of the Public Sector Development Commission. (2021). Public sector development strategy (B.E. 2564–2565). https://www.opdc.go.th/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/strategic_64-65_1.pdf
Okachi-Okereke, G., & Chike, G. (2023). Functional competency: A critical model of organizational sustainable development. International Journal of the Society for Commonwealth Universities Scholars in Research and Sustainable Development, 16, 1–10.
Pongsaopak, T. (2021). Challenges affecting career advancement for female civil servants: National Office of Buddhism [Independent study, Chulalongkorn University]. Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD). https://doi.org/10.58837/CHULA.IS.2021.408
Pratumviang, T. (2017). Competitive competencies of hotel personnel in the ASEAN Region [Master’s thesis, Thammasat University]. Thammasat University Electronic Theses Archive. https://ethesisarchive.library.tu.ac.th/thesis/2017/TU_2017_5605035368_3422_9375.pdf
Sangkornkaew, S., & Topithak, K. (2022). Development of the global competency measurement model for student teachers. Journal of Faculty of Education Pibulsongkram Rajabhat University, 9(1), 81–95. https://doi.org/10.14456/jfepru.2022.7
Sanyanusin, P. (2018, July 30). Crisis of faith within Buddhism? Bangkok Post. https://www.bangkokpost.com/life/social-and-lifestyle/1512510/crisis-of-faith-within-buddhism
Schumacker, R. E., & Lomax, R. G. (2016). A beginner's guide to structural equation modeling (4th ed.). Routledge.
Schwab, K. (2017). The fourth industrial revolution. Crown.
Shippmann, J. S., Ash, R. A., Battista, M., Carr, L., Eyde, L. D., Hesketh, B., Kehoe, J., Pearlman, K., Prien, E. P., & Sanchez, J. I. (2000). The practice of competency modeling. Personnel Psychology, 53(3), 703–740. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2000.tb00220.x
Siriwutrangsan, P. (2019). Personnel development government issue: A case study of Samutsakhon provincial office of Buddhism [Independent study, Ramkhamhaeng University]. Master of Public Administration Program, Ramkhamhaeng University.
Soimukda, J. (2015). Competencies of public health officer under the private primary care units (PCU) of Navaminthra Hospital [Independent study, Thammasat University]. https://ethesisarchive.library.tu.ac.th/thesis/2015/TU_2015_5517030184_4565_2617.pdf
Sritanyarat, D., Pruetipibultham, O., Tehmarn, A., & Yodrakang, J. (2025). Development of Organizational Well-being Diagnosis Tool: Delightfulness in Organization Analysis (DOA). Human Resource and Organization Development Journal, 17(1), 47–74. https://doi.org/10.14456/hrodj.2025.3
Sudjai, S., Niyamabha, A., Prajongjit, S., & Koedsuwan, S. (2019). Development of functional competency indicators of military instructors in educational institutes under the Ministry of Defence. National Defence Studies Institute Journal, 10(3), 61–72. https://so04.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/ndsijournal/article/view/231945
Sukpream, K., & Sonsri, G. (2024). Development of the proposed specific functional competency of HR officers in Thai government agencies. Kasetsart Journal of Social Sciences, 45(2), 577–586. https://doi.org/10.34044/j.kjss.2024.45.2.24
Sungkeaw, S. (2019). Nurse competency in providing care for patients with emerging infectious disease [Master’s thesis, Thammasat University]. https://ethesisarchive.library.tu.ac.th/thesis/2019/TU_2019_5914032106_8366_12378.pdf
Taatila, V. (2004). The concept of organizational competence: A foundational analysis. University of Jyväskylä. http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:951-39-1718-5
Thaisuntad, T. (2023). Role of the National Office of Buddhism (NOB) in managing the abandoned monasteries of Chiang Mai. Journal of Architectural/Planning Research and Studies (JARS), 20(1), 21–36. https://doi.org/10.56261/jars.v20i1.248344
Pitchayadejanant, K., & Thepmongkorn, S. (2020). Competence requirements for logistics and supply chain management students by adopting BLM and APICS competency framework: An importance-expertise matrix analysis. Human Resource and Organization Development Journal, 12(2), 26–52. https://so01.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/HRODJ/article/view/240597
von der Gracht, H. A. (2012). Consensus measurement in Delphi studies: Review and implications for future quality assurance. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 79(8), 1525–1536. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2012.04.013
Westerman, G., Bonnet, D., & McAfee, A. (2014). Leading digital: Turning technology into business transformation. Harvard Business Review Press.
Wong, E. L. Y., Yau, J. H.-Y., Sze, L. C. Y., Kanagawa, H. S., Leung, D. K. Y., Liu, T., Wong, G. H. L., & Lum, T. Y. S. (2024). A core competency framework for mental health peer supporters of older adults in a Chinese community: cross-culturally informed Delphi study. BJPsych Bulletin, 48(2), 92–99. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjb.2023.45
Wongthongdee, S., Petcharaks, N., Kumsuprom, S., Navanuch, P., Tantrajin, P., Jaisue, N., Dejthongjun Limpananarkthong, S., Soponpatima, T., Limlerjalearnvanit, N., Limsiri, P., & Punyajaroen, S. (2025). A proposed competency model for future Thai executives. Journal of Politics and Governance, 15(1), 63–79. https://so03.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/jopag/article/view/278743
Yeon, J., & Song, Y. S. (2021). Differences in core competencies and longitudinal changes among undergraduate students: A case study on K-CESA. Asia-Pacific Journal of Convergent Research Interchange, 7(6), 73–83. https://doi.org/10.47116/apjcri.2021.06.07