Studying the concept of the Paticca-samuppada in Theravāda Buddhist philosophy

Abstract

The objective of this research is to study the concept of the Four Noble Truths in Buddhist philosophy. The study employs a qualitative approach by investigating and gathering data from relevant documents and research works. The research findings indicate that the Four Noble Truths are the teachings of truth given by the Buddha to understand the reality of the world and life as a foundation for moving towards the cessation of suffering. Understanding the principles of the Noble Eightfold Path is crucial for progressing towards the complete cessation of suffering. The middle way of the Noble Eightfold Path is the path of ultimate cessation, the path of non-attachment, transcending attachment to the three characteristics, namely : 1) Liberation from attachment to the ultimate truth includes liberation from the attachment to views (micchādiṭṭhi) comprising two aspects: skepticism (sakkāyadiṭṭhi) and attachment to rules and rituals (vicikicchā). 2) Liberation from attachment to space and time includes liberation from attachment (upādāna) in the 31 realms of existence (31 planes of existence) and attachment to cyclic existence in past, future, and present circumstances, one aspect. 3) Liberation from attachment to the five aggregates includes liberation from attachment to form, sensation, perception, mental formations, and consciousness.