The “Vina” in Ancient Southeast Asian Art before 14th Century CE

Abstract

The Vina is a group of stringed instruments originating from the Indian subcontinent, dating back to the Vedic period. They were used as a ritual accompaniment for the chanting of Shlokas, and as a source of secular entertainment. The term "Vina" encompasses a diverse range of instruments, including both plucked and bowed types, which are categorized differently across various schools of thought. The primary evolutionary lineage of the Vina stems from two prototypes: the harp-like Vina and the Kinnari Vina. These early forms significantly influenced the development of various chordophones throughout Southeast Asia before 14^th century, and some of them persist to the present day. Conversely, the development of the gourd lute within India during later periods—specifically around the 13^th century was influenced by Persian–Islamic musical traditions, leading to more complex structural refinements. Furthermore, prior to the 14^th century CE, Southeast Asia exhibited a greater diversity of plucked instruments, particularly within the Lute-like instruments. These instruments emerged through both indigenous innovation and cultural synthesis, reflecting close affinities with Chinese and Persian musical influences.