Development of a Low-Cost Aeroponic System for Urban Agriculture: Design, Implementation, and Performance Evaluation

Abstract

This study investigated the development and evaluation of a low-cost aeroponic system
for space-constrained urban dwellings. Three prototype designs were analyzed, focusing on cost-effectiveness, material selection, and performance metrics such as electricity and water usage, land utilization, and plant density. The research assesses the feasibility of implementing aeroponic systems in compact urban environments and provides design and implementation guidelines. The study compared three aeroponic prototype designs. Prototypes 2 and 3, constructed from ordinary PVC without UV protection, exhibited material degradation over time. Prototype 3, featuring a heat-molded, jointless PVC structure, proved the most cost-effective at 3,620 baht. This design achieved an estimated 20% reduction in production costs and a 15% increase in yield compared to traditional soil-based cultivation within the same area. Prototype 3's vertical configuration maximized plant density, making it suitable for confined urban spaces, although it presented challenges in achieving uniform light distribution. The optimized system (Prototype 3) utilized a 120-watt water pump with a flow rate of 2 liters per minute, delivering a nutrient solution with a concentration of 1,000-1,300 ppm. This configuration resulted in a yield of 3.5 kg/m².

The recommended installation footprint is 1.30 m², with additional clearance required on the sides for maintenance access. Optimal sunlight exposure is crucial for maximizing yield. In houses, a south or east-facing orientation is recommended. Condominium balconies offer a viable alternative, but the specific unit's orientation will significantly impact light availability. The successful implementation of this low-cost aeroponic system demonstrates its potential to empower urban residents to engage in local food production. This not only reduces household food costs but also contributes to a more sustainable urban food system by minimizing transportation distances and promoting resource