An Investigation of Thai EFL Learners’ Iconicity of Sequence in Temporal Adverbial Clauses
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
The study investigated Thai EFL learners’ pragmatic competence concerning iconicity of sequence and temporal adverbial clauses. The participants in this study were 171 freshmen from Prince of Songkla University, Surat Thani Campus. They were derived to the study by a stratified sampling method. The research instrument used in this study was a Grammaticality Judgment Test (GJT). The data analysis followed an inferential statistical analysis of Pearson Correlation. The results revealed that there was no statistically significant relationship between the participants’ use of iconicity of sequence and temporal adverbial clauses. Due to their lower proficiency levels of English, the empirical evidence to support the results was their scores of fundamental English subjects reported at only 55 - 56 percent. This was a major cause weakens their linguistic competence to follow information structuring and temporal adverbial clauses in English appropriately.
Downloads
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
The articles published are copyrighted by the Graduate School, Chiang Mai Rajabhat University.
The opinions expressed in each article of this academic journal are solely those of the individual authors and do not reflect the views of Chiang Mai Rajabhat University or its faculty members. The responsibility for the content of each article rests entirely with the respective authors. In the event of any errors, the authors alone are responsible for their own articles.
References
Aldridge, J. (2014). Working with vulnerable groups in social research: Dilemmas by default and design. Qualitative Research, 14(1), 112–130. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468794112455041
Asrat, M., Mengistu, G., & Assefa, E. (2025). The Structure and function of Yemsa adverbial clauses: Empirical study. Professional Discourse & Communication, 6(4), 103-125. https://doi.org/10.24833/2687-0126-2024-6-4-103-125.
Antika, R., Wahyuni, S., & Melvina, M. (2020). The ability of English department students’ in using adverb clauses of time. Tell-US Journal, 6(2), 101-118.
Bergin, T. (2018). An introduction to data analysis: Quantitative, qualitative and mixed method. California: Sake.
Cahyono, B. Y., Mukminatien, N., & Amrina, R. (2016). Indonesian students’ writing proficiency and their ability in using complex sentences. International Journal on Studies in English Language and Literature, 4(9), 22-32. http://dx.doi.org/10.20431/2347-3134.0409004
Cooper, H. (2018). Ethical choices in research: Managing data, writing reports, and publishing results in the social sciences. New York: American Psychological Association.
Creswell, J. W. & Creswell, D. J. (2022). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. London: Sake.
Cronk, B. C. (2024). How to use SPSS: A Step-By-Step guide to analysis and interpretation. New York: Routledge.
Franz, J. & Teo, A. (2018). A2 is Normal–Thai secondary school English teachers’ encounters with the CEFR. RELC Journal, 49(3), 322-338. DOI: 10.1177/0033688217738816
Fromkin, V., Rodman, R., & Hyams, N. (2018). An introduction to language. Wadsworth, Ohio: Cengage Learning.
Givon, T. (1985). Iconicity, isomorphism and nonarbitrary coding in syntax. John Haiman (ed.)., In Natural Syntax (pp. 187–220). New York: John Benjamins.
Grice, P. (1975). Logic and conservation. Harvard: Harvard University Press.
Haspelmath, M. (2008). Frequency vs. iconicity in explaining grammatical asymmetries. Cognitive Linguistics, 19(1), 1-33.
Holmes, J. & Nick, W. (2022). An introduction to sociolinguistics. London: Routledge.
Jaszczolt, K. M. (2023). Semantics, pragmatics, philosophy: A Journey through meaning. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kreidler, C. W. (2014). Introducing English semantics. London: Routledge.
Levinson, J. (1983). Pragmatics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Leuckert, S. (2018). Adverbial subordination across variety types: A synchronic analysis of the syntax and semantics of since-and while-clauses in ENL, ESL, and EFL. Subordination in English: Synchronic and Diachronic Perspectives, 101, 235-262. DOI: doi.org/10.1515/9783110583571-011
Lim, J. J., Hiramoto, M., Leimgruber, J. R., & Gonzales, W. D. W. (2024). Clause-final adverbs in colloquial Singapore English revisited. Journal of English Linguistics, 52(4), 321-345. https://doi.org/10.1177/00754242241278838
Murphy, R. (2018). Grammar book in use. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Nelson, G. A. (2014). Cluster sampling: A pervasive, yet little recognized survey design in fisheries Research. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, 143(4), 926-938. https://doi.org/10.1080/00028487.2014.901252
Pajo, B. (2018). Introduction to research methods: A hands-on approach. London: Sage.
Radford, A. (2009). An introduction to English sentence structure. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Radford, A. (2023). Analysing English sentence structure: An intermediate course in syntax. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Richards, J. C. & Rodgers, T. S. (2014). Approaches and methods in language teaching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Richards, C. J. & Farrell, T. S. (2011). Practice teaching: A reflective approach. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Robert, I. (2023). Beginning syntax. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Sándor, K. (2016). Grammaticality judgement tests as measures of explicit knowledge. Argumentum, 12(1), 216-230.
Sha'ar, M. Y. M. A. & Boonsuk, Y. (2021). What hinders English speaking in Thai EFL learners? Investigating factors that affect the development of their English-speaking skills. Mextesol Journal, 45(3), 1-15.
Swan, M. (2015). Practical grammar use. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Wilder, C., Gärtner, H. M., & Bierwisch, M. (2018). The role of economy principles in linguistic theory. Lithuania: Walter de Gruyter.
Wongkittiporn, A. (2024). Pragmatic discourse of givenness and adverbial clauses: Applied linguistics research articles and Thai undergraduate students' writing. Journal of English Teaching, 10(3), 241-254.
Wongkittiporn, A. (2025). Form, function and genre. Bangkok: Chulalongkorn University Press.
Wongkittiporn, A. & Kaewkasi, P. (2025). Iconicity of sequence in temporal adjuncts in academic prose. Indonesian Journal of English Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics, 10(2), 321-335.
Yamane, T. (1973). Statistics: An introductory analysis. New York: Harper & Row.
Yilmaz, E. & Dikilitas, K. (2017). EFL learners' uses of adverbs in argumentative essays. Novitas-Royal, 11(1), 69-87.
Zhang, S., Brandt, S., & Theakston, A. (2025). The role of iconicity in children's production of adverbial clauses. Cognition, 259, 106119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106119
