An Analytical Study of Buddha’s Characteristics in Suttas of Pali Tipiṭaka

Abstract

This research article aims to study and categorize the various characteristics of the Buddha, known as Buddhaguṇa. It also analyzes the relationship between the meaning of these characteristics and the speakers who describe them. The study, which includes an examination of the Suttas, as well as the Thera and Therīgāthā, identifies 13 distinct characteristics of the Buddha, which are grouped into four main categories: (1) External Characteristics Recognized by Society: (1.1) Family background, (1.2) Physical appearance, and (1.3) Supernatural powers; (2) External Characteristics Observed in Close Proximity: (2.1) Speech, (2.2) Manners, (2.3) Role as a teacher, and (2.4) Public confidence; (3) Internal Characteristics: (3.1) Wisdom, (3.2) Compassion, and (3.3) Purity; (4) Buddha’s Assessment by Speakers: (4.1) Metaphors of greatness, (4.2) Incomparability, and (4.3) Worthiness of worship. The study finds that the depth of the characteristics mentioned reflects the wisdom level of the speaker. While general Buddhists and other individuals often highlight external and tangible characteristics, noble disciples emphasize internal characteristics gained through personal spiritual development. Notably, Venerable Sāriputta, whom the Buddha praised for his wisdom, often mentioned the Buddha’s wisdom. This study concludes that Buddhaguṇa encapsulates the human qualities and moral virtues of the Buddha, portraying him as the greatest man endowed with wisdom, compassion, and purity, which underlie his other characteristics.